Country Species Summary

Pungitius pungitius in Greenland
Ninespine stickleback

Pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus, 1758)
Family:	Gasterosteidae (Sticklebacks and tubesnouts)	picture (Pupun_u1.jpg) by JJPhoto
Order:	Gasterosteiformes (sticklebacks and seamoths)
Class:	Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
FishBase name:	Ninespine stickleback
Max. size:	9.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; Ref. 27547); max. reported age: 5 years
Environment:	benthopelagic; anadromous ; depth range - 110 m
Climate:	temperate; 10 - 20°C; 82°N - 35°N
Global Importance:	fisheries: subsistence fisheries; aquarium: commercial
Resilience:	Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (tm=1-2; tmax=5; Fec=350)
Distribution:	Circumarctic: Atlantic drainages across Canada as far south as New Jersey, USA; Liard River in British Columbia, Canada (Ref. 10882); Pacific coast of Alaska; Great Lakes basin; drainages of northern Europe and Asia, from the UK and France to Siberia, Russia, Korea, Japan, and China.
Diagnosis:	Dorsal spines (total): 6-12; Dorsal soft rays (total): 9-13; Anal spines: 1-1; Anal soft rays: 8-13; Vertebrae: 30-35. Distinguished by the presence of 7 to 12 free spines in front of the dorsal fin and a long caudal keel that usually reaches beneath the dorsal fin (Ref. 27547). Dorsal spines separated from one another, each with a rudimentary membrane on its posterior side; anal spine stout and curved; posterior edge of pectorals rounded; pelvic ray pressed close to the spine; caudal fin usually truncate, varying from slightly indented to slightly rounded (Ref. 27547). Pale green, grey, or olive above, strongly pigmented with irregularly arranged dark bars or blotches; silvery below (Ref. 1998). Fins colorless (Ref. 27547). Breeding colors may be variable, depending on sex, population and stage of breeding cycle but color of females always less intense than those of males (Ref. 27547). Aggressive females become dark on the back and paler below, then sometimes become paler with more conspicuous saddle marks as actual breeding approaches (Ref. 30380). Aggressive males become totally black except for the colorless fins and the membranes on the pelvic spines, which are white. At breeding, the males become paler on the back and more intensely black on the belly, especially under the chin (Ref. 28993, 30380). Breeding males on the east coast of North America have been reported as reddish under the head and greenish on the belly (Ref. 27547). Caudal fin with 12 rays (Ref. 2196).
Biology:	Found in shallow vegetated areas of lakes, ponds, and pools of sluggish streams; sometimes in open water over sand (Ref. 5723). Marine populations found near shore and move into fresh water to spawn (Ref. 5723). There appears to be seasonal movements inshore to shallow water in the spring for spawning, and, in the fall, offshore to deep water, or even to the less saline parts of the sea, by the young and adults that survive spawning (Ref. 27547). Nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426). Feeds on small invertebrates; also on aquatic insects and their eggs and larvae (Ref. 1998). Eggs are found in nests constructed from plant material (Ref. 41678). Females grow faster and live longer than do other males (Ref. 27547). Males seldom live beyond age three, due to heavy post-spawning mortality, but females may live to age five or more (Ref. 27547). When abundant, it is preyed upon by other fishes (Ref. 1998); also preyed by birds (Ref. 27547). May be used as human or dog food or as a source of oil (Ref. 27547)
Threatened:	, (Ref. 36508)
Dangerous:	harmless
Coordinator:
Main Ref:	Kottelat, M.. 1997. (Ref. 13696)
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Greenland country information
Common names:	[ No common name ]	Ref:
Status:	native	Ref:
Salinity:	freshwater, brackish, marine
Regulations:	no regulations	Ref:
Uses:	no uses
Comments:	Present on the southern tip of Greenland (Ref. 27547).
Country Information:	www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/gl.html
Occurrences:	Occurrences Point map
Main Ref:	Morrow, J.E., 1980
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Entered: Garilao, Cristina V.

CGNET - US

Page created by: Eli, 20.10.03, last modified by Eli, 26.06.07

	Ref.:		Glossary
		(e.g. 9948)		(e.g. cephalopods)
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