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Betta pugnax in Singapore
Penang betta

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Betta pugnax   (Cantor, 1849)
Family:	Osphronemidae (Gouramies) , subfamily: Macropodusinae			picture (Bepug_u1.jpg) by Hippocampus-Bildarchiv
Order:	Perciformes  (perch-likes)
Class:	Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
FishBase name:	Penang betta
Max. size:	6.7 cm SL (male/unsexed; Ref. 56613)
Environment:	benthopelagic; pH range: 7.1 - 7.6; dH range: 5 - 12
Climate:	tropical; 24 - 28°C
Global Importance:	aquarium: commercial
Resilience:	Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Produces a minimum of 100 eggs (Ref. 1672))
Distribution:	Asia: Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia.
Diagnosis:	Dorsal spines (total): 0-2; Dorsal soft rays (total): 7-10; Anal spines: 1-2; Anal soft rays: 24-26; Vertebrae: 28-31. A member of the Betta pugnax species group that can be differentiated from other members by the following combination of characters: presence of chin-bar; absence of dark marks below postorbital stripe on opercle; presence of dorsal transverse bars; caudal transverse bars present only in male; greenish to bluish iridescent scales on opercle and body; red subdistal band and black edge on anal fin; absence of dark edge on caudal fin; anal fin rays 25-28 (mode 26); lateral scales 28-31 (mode 29); postdorsal scales 11-12 (mode 11); pelvic fin length 26.6-43.8% SL; head length 27.5-35.2% SL; inter-orbital width 32.4-53.0% HL (Ref. 56613).
Biology:	Occurs in small fast flowing forest streams (Ref. 13061). Inhabits mainly overhanging bank vegetation, submerged leaf litter and exposed roots of bank vegetation (Ref. 13220, 56613). Mouth brooder (Ref. 13061)
Threatened:	Not Evaluated, see IUCN Red List  , (Ref. 36508)
Dangerous:	harmless
Coordinator:
Main Ref:	Tan, H.H. and S.H. Tan. 1996. (Ref. 13220)
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Singapore country information
Common names:	Forest betta		Ref:  Lim, K.K.P. and P.K.L. Ng, 1990
Status:	native		Ref:  Tan, H.H. and S.H. Tan, 1996
Salinity:	freshwater
Abundance:	occasional (usually not seen)		Ref:
Regulations:	no regulations		Ref:
Uses:	no uses
Comments:	Also Ref. 13220, 56613.
Country Information:	www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/sn.html
Occurrences:	Occurrences    Point map
Main Ref:	Lim, K.K.P. and P.K.L. Ng, 1990
Update

More information:	Countries FAO areas Occurrences Introductions Ecosystem Ecology Diet Food items Food consumption Ration Predators Ciguatera Fish loss Common names Synonyms Pictures Sounds Reproduction Maturity Spawning Eggs Egg dev. Larvae Larval dynamics References Growth L-W relationship L-L relationship Length frequencies Recruitment Max. age & size Metabolism Morphology Morphometrics Gill area Brains Vision Collaborators Genetics Allele frequencies Heritability Strains Aquaculture Aquaculture profile Diseases Ecotoxicology Processing Speed Swim. type Stamps
	Note: No data are available if label is black .
Tools:	Biogeographic modelling | E-book | Field guide | Length-frequency Wizard | Life-history tool |
Internet sources:	BiOSC Point Data | CISTI | Google | GOBASE | GenBank ( genome, nucleotide ) | PubMed | Scirus | Public aquariums | Tree of Life | Zoological Record Other web sites |
	Note: use the Back button of your browser to return to FishBase.
	Modified:  Torres, Armi G.	Entered:  Torres, Armi G.

	Ref.:				Glossary
		(e.g. 9948)				(e.g. cephalopods)
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Page created by: Eli, 20.10.03, last modified by Eli, 26.06.07