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Clarias liocephalus in Sudan
Smoothhead catfish

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Clarias liocephalus   Boulenger, 1898
Family:	Clariidae (Airbreathing catfishes)			picture (Cllio_u0.jpg) by Seegers, L.
Order:	Siluriformes  (catfish)
Class:	Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
FishBase name:	Smoothhead catfish
Max. size:	32.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; Ref. 3820)
Environment:	demersal
Climate:	tropical; 22 - 28°C; 2°N - 12°S
Global Importance:	fisheries: commercial
Resilience:	High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (Preliminary K or Fecundity.)
Distribution:	Africa: Lake Victoria, Edward, George, small lakes of Uganda, Lake Kivu, smaller lakes of Rwanda, Lake Tanganyika, Bangweulu-Moero system, in Malawi, Kagera, Malagarazi, Ruzizi and Tana Rivers. Cunene, Okavango, upper Zambezi, and Kafue systems, Zambian Congo, Central Africa Great Lakes (Ref. 7248).
Diagnosis:	Dorsal spines (total): 0-0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 67-79; Anal soft rays: 53-67; Vertebrae: 55-58. Pectoral fin spine with serrations on the inner and upward directed on the outer side (Ref. 34290). Head oval to rectangular dorsally; snout broadly rounded; eyes more laterally located. Frontal fontanelle intermediate between `knife-shaped' and `sole-shaped'; occipital fontanelle long and oval-shaped. Supraorbital and `dermosphenotic' bones generally joined above 150 mm SL and more dorsally placed. Tooth plates relatively broad. Pectoral spine relatively short; its outer side strongly serrated over entire length. Gill rakers short and far apart. Openings of secondary sensory canals regularly arranged on flanks.
Biology:	Occurs in marginal water-lily and papyrus swamps as well as in marginal weed beds. Abundant in high mountain streams and torrents and on the bottom among stones. Not found in any situation lower than about 915 m above sea level nor in water of a higher temperature than 18 °C (Ref. 248)
Threatened:	Not Evaluated, see IUCN Red List  , (Ref. 36508)
Dangerous:	harmless
Coordinator:
Main Ref:	Teugels, G.G.. 1986. (Ref. 248)
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Sudan country information
Common names:	Tukpe		Ref:  Bianco, P., 1981
Status:	native		Ref:
Salinity:	freshwater
Regulations:	no regulations		Ref:
Uses:	no uses
Comments:	Collected in River Sue near Yambio (Ref. 4906).
Country Information:	www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/su.html
Occurrences:	Occurrences    Point map
Main Ref:	Bianco, P., 1981
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	Note: No data are available if label is black .
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	Entered:  Sampang, Arlene G.

	Ref.:				Glossary
		(e.g. 9948)				(e.g. cephalopods)
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Page created by: Eli, 20.10.03, last modified by Eli, 26.06.07