| 主要參考文獻 | Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990 |
|---|---|
| 附註 | Inshore waters above various types of bottom (rocks, sand, mud) to 400 m (Mediterranean) and 700 m (Atlantic); young near the coast, adults on the continental slope specially over muddy bottoms. Omnivorous, but feeds mainly on crustaceans, molluscs, worms and small fish. |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Soft Bottom: rocky; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Unsworth, R.K., L.M. Nordlund and L.C. Cullen-Unsworth, 2018 |
| 參考文獻 | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| 攝取食物的類型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990 |
| 攝取食物的習慣 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990 |
| Estimation method | 最初的樣本 | 不捕獲族群 | 附註 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| 從食物內容 | 4.21 | 0.55 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
| 從個別的食物項目 | 3.73 | 0.56 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| 參考文獻 | |||||