Main Ref. | Brodeur, R.D. and P.A. Livingston, 1988 |
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Remarks | Adults are found in deeper waters whereas larvae and juveniles occupy shallow, nearshore habitats (Ref. 57910). Usually buried in muddy or sandy bottoms with mouth protruding (Ref. 2850). Larvae and juveniles use shallow, nearshore habitats, whereas most adults occupy deeper waters farther from shore (Ref. 57910). Water temperature in summer and winter were about 10°C and 4°C, and salinity ranged from 30 to 33 PSS. Both planktivorous and piscivorous (Ref. 57910). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Brodeur, R.D. and P.A. Livingston, 1988 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Brodeur, R.D. and P.A. Livingston, 1988 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.95 | 0.29 | Troph of juv./adults from 3 studies. | ||
From individual food items | 3.60 | 0.52 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Chuchukalo, V.I., A.Y. Efimkin and V.V. Lapko, 1995 |