Main Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
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Remarks | Occur inshore (Ref. 75154). Feed during the day and at night (nocturnal and diurnal). Form schools during the day. Juveniles common in shallow sandy areas during late summer (Ref. 4887). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Broad, G., 2003 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.84 | 0.32 | 3.21 | 0.30 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 3.47 | 0.49 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Wahbeh, M.I., 1992 |