| FishBase |
| Main Ref: | Compagno, L.J.V., 1984 | ||||||||||||
| Country: | |||||||||||||
| Locality: | Western Atlantic | ||||||||||||
| Ecosystem: | |||||||||||||
| Absolute Fecundity | Fecundity Type: | ||||||||||||
| min 1 | (g) | (cm) | Ref: Compagno, L.J.V., 1984 | ||||||||||
| max 14 | (g) | (cm) | |||||||||||
| mean | (g) | (cm) | |||||||||||
| Comments on Fecundity: | In a litter. | ||||||||||||
| Relative Fecundity | |||||||||||||
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| Fecundity/length relationship ( F = a * L ^b): | |||||||||||||
| Size: (cm) | |||||||||||||
| n: | |||||||||||||
| a: | 95% confidence limit: | ||||||||||||
| b: | 95% confidence limit: | ||||||||||||
| r2: | |||||||||||||
| Spawning Cycles: | (1/y) | Ref: | |||||||||||
| Comments: | Viviparous with a yolk-sac placenta; 5 to 12 common number of young; litter size varies directly with size of the mother and in populations with smaller adults the litter size averages smaller; gestation period estimated as 8 to 12 months, commonly 9 months off Florida and 11 to 12 months off South Africa and in the South China Sea; females may give birth every other year at most; gravid females come in shallow bays and estuaries of the east-central USA to drop their young in summer (June to August); off Senegal in the eastern Atlantic young are born in April; females are thought to be inhibited from feeding when they give birth and shortly afterwards, and leave the pupping grounds soon after giving birth; size at birth 56 to 75 cm. In a litter. | ||||||||||||
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