分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 深度上下限 30 - 525 m (Ref. 5222), usually 100 - 200 m (Ref. 5222). 亞熱帶的; 41°N - 27°S, 98°W - 34°W (Ref. 5222)
Western Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951) to Massachusetts, USA to southern Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean.
西大西洋: 對美國麻薩諸塞州到巴西南部的加拿大 (參考文獻 5951), 包括墨西哥灣與加勒比海。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 54.0, range 47 - ? cm
Max length : 122 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 26340); common length : 60.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5217); 最大體重: 30.0 kg (Ref. 5222); 最大年齡: 27 年 (Ref. 3090)
背棘 (總數): 11; 背的軟條 (總數): 13-15; 臀棘 3; 臀鰭軟條: 9. Distinguished by the following characteristics: Dark margin on spiny dorsal fin and dark saddle on caudal peduncle that extends below lateral line (Ref. 26938); juveniles with pale yellow caudal and pectoral fins; black saddle blotch on the caudal peduncle reaching below lateral line; depth of body contained 2.4-2.8 times in SL; head length 2.2-2.4 times in SL; convex interorbital area, width less than or subequal to eye diameter; enlarged serrae at angle of preopercle; distinctly convex upper edge of operculum; posterior nostrils 2-5 times larger than anterior nostrils (Ref. 89707).
在刺狀的背鰭與黑色鞍狀斑塊上的深色邊在尾梗上那延伸在側線下.(參考文獻 26938)
Adults occur well offshore on rocky bottoms. Juveniles may be found inshore and are often reported from the northeastern coast of the U.S (Ref. 89707). Adults feed on fishes, gastropods, cephalopods, and brachyuran crustaceans (Ref. 5222). Valuable commercial food fish (Ref. 26938).
成魚在岩石底部上出現相當外海。 稚魚可能被發現於沿海地區而且時常被記錄自美國東岸成魚吃魚，腹足動物，頭足類動物與十足目甲殼動物.(參考文獻 5222) 有價值的商業食用魚.(參考文獻 26938)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
The size (76.7-109 cm) and age (8-29 yr) of 97 male specimens and the capture of two specimens undergoing sex change provided conclusive
evidence that snowy grouper are protogynous hermaphrodites (Ref. 45886).西大西洋: 對美國麻薩諸塞州到巴西南部的加拿大 (參考文獻 5951), 包括墨西哥灣與加勒比海。
Craig, M.T. and P.A. Hastings, 2007. A molecular phylogeny of the groupers of the subfamily Epinephelinae (Serranidae) with revised classification of the epinephelini. Ichthyol. Res. 54:1-17. (Ref. 83414)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
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合作者照片Stamps, Coins Misc.聲音神經毒速度泳型鰓區Otoliths腦重體重比眼睛色素
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 14.8 - 23.7, mean 19.5 °C (based on 93 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01585 (0.01218 - 0.02063), b=3.04 (3.01 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.58 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.07-0.09; tmax=27).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (64 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 34.8 [15.4, 66.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.74 [0.39, 1.39] mg/100g; Protein = 18.6 [16.8, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.382 [0.237, 0.648] g/100g; Selenium = 49.2 [25.6, 92.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.2 [3.1, 31.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.511 [0.367, 0.752] mg/100g (wet weight);
