分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Cichliformes (Cichlids, convict blennies)
鱸形目 (Cichlids, convict blennies) >
Cichlidae (Cichlids)
慈鯛科魚類 (Cichlids) > Pseudocrenilabrinae
Etymology: Oreochromis: Latin, aurum = gold + Greek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch (Ref. 45335); aureus: From the Greek words oreos=of the mountains and chroma=color; aureus (Latin)=golden from aurum, gold (Ref. 79012).
More on author: Steindachner.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 底中水層性; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 5 - ? m. 熱帶; 8°C - 30°C (Ref. 2); 35°N - 10°N
Africa and Eurasia: Jordan Valley, Lower Nile, Chad Basin, Benue, middle and upper Niger, Senegal River (Ref. 21). Introduced in the oasis of Azraq (Jordan) as well as in warm water ponds of USA, South and Central America and South East Asia. At least one country reports adverse ecological impact after introduction.
非洲與歐亞大陸: Jordan 山谷，尼羅河下游，查德流域，貝努埃河，中央與尼日河上游，塞內加爾河.(參考文獻 21) 在 Azraq(Jordan) 的綠洲中引入以及在美國，南方與中美洲與亞洲東南部的溫暖水池塘中。 至少一個國家報告引入後的不利的生態衝擊。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 19.0, range 13 - 20 cm
Max length : 45.7 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 40637); common length : 16.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 12193); 最大體重: 2.0 kg (Ref. 40637)
背棘 (總數): 14 - 17; 背的軟條 (總數): 11-15; 臀棘 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8 - 11; 脊椎骨: 28 - 31. Diagnosis: Adults: narrow preorbital bone (depth max. 21.5% of head length in fishes up to 21.3cm SL); lower pharyngeal jaw with short blade; no enlargement of the jaws in mature fish (lower jaw not exceeding and usually less than 36.8% head length) (Ref. 2). Caudal without regular dark vertical stripes (Ref. 2, 53405, 54467), but with a broad pink to bright red distal margin (Ref. 2). Breeding males assume an intense bright metallic blue on the head, a vermilion edge to the dorsal fin and a more intense pink on the caudal margin (Ref. 2, 54467). Breeding females with the edges of dorsal and caudal fins in a paler more orange color (Ref. 2). Juveniles: upper line of head profile running upward from snout at sharp angle; lower pharyngeal bone nearly triangular, teeth numerous but not densely crowded; dorsal and anal fin striped, with stripes running obliquely on the soft dorsal and longitudinally on the caudal fin; black Tilapia-mark on soft dorsal present; body dark; lower lip developed from beneath (Ref. 54566).
鑑別: 成魚: 狹窄的眶前骨;(深度在魚的最大的 21.5% 的頭長向上到 21.3 公分 SL) 低的咽頜有短的葉片; 在成熟的魚 (下頜不超過而且通常少於 36.8% 頭長) 中的顎沒有增大.(參考文獻 2) 尾部的沒有一般的黑垂直的斑紋 (參考文獻 2,54467), 但是有寬的粉紅色到鮮紅色末梢部的邊緣.(參考文獻 2) 繁殖期的雄性呈現一密集明亮的鐵藍色的在尾鰭邊緣上的頭部, 背鰭的一個朱紅的邊緣與一朵比較密集粉紅色上.(參考文獻 2,54467) 在一個較灰白的比較橘色的顏色中有背鰭與尾鰭鰭的邊緣的繁殖雌性.(參考文獻 2) 稚魚: 頭部輪廓的上面線流動的向上距離吻尖以銳利的角; 低的咽骨幾乎三角形, 齒很多的但是不濃密地擁擠; 背部的與臀鰭有斑紋的, 藉由在柔軟上斜向續接的斑紋背部的與縱向地在尾鰭上; 黑色的 吳郭魚 -標誌軟的之上背部的呈現; 身體黑的; 下唇發展從在.之下 (參考文獻 54566)
描述: 深地身體; 齒非常小的, 對於一個藻類捕食者 (參考文獻 52307) 是典型的, 在顎中的 3-5 列中, 在最外者中的二頭齒, 在另一個中的三尖瓣.(參考文獻 2,54467) 鱗片圓形的 (參考文獻 367,2756,54408), 與深入部份的穗緣幾乎筆直地.(參考文獻 54408) 在 2-3 水平的系列中的在頰上的鱗片; 在胸鰭基底與腹鰭之間的 5-7 鱗片.(參考文獻 2,54467) 13.5-14.5 在腹鰭前的上面的側線之下的鱗片.(參考文獻 367) 在上、下側線之間的 2個鱗片.(參考文獻 367,2756) 上面的側線有 20-23個鱗片, 低的具有 14-18個鱗片.(參考文獻 367,2756) Microbranchiospines 位於弓的外部側邊之上 2 到 4.(參考文獻 2) 背鰭邊緣粗的了，而且在垂部之間的凹槽關閉在完全成熟的雄性中。 (參考文獻 364,54467) 持續背棘最長的。 (參考文獻 367,2756) 第三個臀鰭硬棘稍微短於最後的背棘 (參考文獻 2,2756,54467), 但是比較強壯的.(參考文獻 2,54467) 腹鰭不非常生產; 尾部的通常有圓角, 通常有鱗的只有在基底與在鰭的上、下部份上的鰭條之間; 生殖乳突成熟的雄魚錐形或有狹窄的兩裂邊緣.(參考文獻 2,54467)
體色 稚魚: 灰褐色到些微金.(參考文獻 52307) 標本 <10 公分有發展良好的 吳郭魚 -在軟的背鰭上的斑點.(參考文獻 2,52307,54467) 在尾鰭上有時有模糊的縱帶。 (參考文獻 2,3032) 成魚: 眼睛有被一條黑色橫帶越過的紅色的虹膜。 (參考文獻 2) 腹面區域灰白的銀灰色的.(參考文獻 2,367,3032,52307) 唇時常黑色的.(參考文獻 367) 下巴與胸可能是藍黑色的.(參考文獻 2,6465) 咽喉與腹面有時淡黃色的但是從不淡紅的.(參考文獻 2756) 銀色的與深色斑點在全身體分佈了.(參考文獻 52307) 在被與情緒的州有關的身體 (參考文獻 2,3032,31256,52307) 上有時有一些縱帶。 (參考文獻 54467) 鰓蓋斑點通常呈現 (參考文獻 367,2756,54759), 但是可能完全地變成看不見.(參考文獻 367) 胸鰭略灰色的, 腹鰭黑色的.(參考文獻 367,2756) 背鰭 (參考文獻 2,2756,3032,52307,54467) 與尾鰭 (參考文獻 2,367,2756,3023,3032,6465,13851,51850,52307) 的上部有紅色的邊緣。 軟的背部與臀鰭, 而且通常也尾鰭, 有很多的灰白斑點.(參考文獻 2,2756,3032,31256,52307,54467,54759) 斑點背部的之上與臀鰭形成斜的列.(參考文獻 367) 背鰭垂部黑的, 從不紅色或灰白的.(參考文獻 51850) 雄性成魚灰色的-藍色, 藉由頭部, 從上嘴唇到眼睛, 綠褐色的, 向背部變得比較黑的; 追求雄性色彩豔麗的與在頭部 (參考文獻 52307) 上的鐵藍色的閃耀, 或密集鐵藍色的在頭部上，有時在身體上的較灰白的藍色, 在背部與更密集粉紅的尾部邊緣上具有一個朱紅色的邊緣.(參考文獻 2,6465,54467) 繁殖雌性有較灰白的, 背鰭與尾鰭鰭的比較橘色邊緣.(參考文獻 2,6465)
Cold tolerant (Ref. 23, 61, 55352), occuring at temperatures ranging from 8°-30°C (Ref. 2), tolerating up to 41 °C (Ref. 23). Tolerates fairly brackish conditions (Ref. 3, 23, 61, 2001, 6465, 54362). Forms schools; is sometimes territorial; inhabits warm ponds and impoundments as well as lakes and streams (Ref. 5723, 11028), in open water as well as among stones and vegetation (Ref. 11028). Feeds on phytoplankton and small quantities of zooplankton (Ref. 3, 61, 6465, 52307). Young fish have a more varied diet which includes large quantities of copepods and cladocerans (Ref. 2, 61, 6465), but they also take pieces of small invertebrates (Ref. 52307). Ovophilic, agamous (Ref. 52307), maternal mouthbrooder (Ref. 364, 52307). Sexual maturity in ponds reached at age of 5-6 months (Ref. 55352). Reproduces in both fresh and brackish water (Ref. 61, 5723). Good taste (Ref. 61).
寒冷的寬容 (參考文獻 23,61,55352), 出現溫度範圍從 8個 °-被容忍向上到 41 °C 的 30 °C(參考文獻 2).(參考文獻 23) 容忍非常半鹹淡的環境。 (參考文獻 3,23,61,2001,6465,54362) 形成魚群; 有時是具有領域性; 居住於溫暖的池塘與圈圍水域以及湖泊與溪流 (參考文獻 5723,11028), 在開放的水域中以及在石頭與植物之中.(參考文獻 11028) 吃浮游植物與浮游動物的小量。 (參考文獻 3,61,6465,52307) 幼魚有一個更多的不同包括大量的橈腳類的動物與水蚤 (參考文獻 2,61,6465) 的食性, 但是他們也帶小型無脊椎動物的塊.(參考文獻 52307) Ovophilic, 無性的 (參考文獻 52307) 又母親的口孵者.(參考文獻 364,52307) 在池塘的性成熟在 5-6 數個月的年齡達到.。 (參考文獻 55352) 繁殖在淡水與半鹹淡的水中.(參考文獻 61,5723) 好滋味.(參考文獻 61)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Nesting usually in shallow water weedy areas (Ref. 96). Males establish territory and dig a spawning pit (Ref. 2, 6465, 54601), using mouth and fins (Ref. 2), up to 60cm deep and 4-6m in diameter; a number of territories can often be found clustered together (Ref. 52307). Territories are defended by means of agressive behaviour (Ref. 6465), including lateral display, lateral biting and mouth-to-mouth combat (Ref. 2). Reproduction is stimulated by long photoperiods and inhibited by short daylengths (Ref. 54365). Reproduction requires a minimum temperature of about 20°C (Ref. 2). Males visit schools of females and attempt to attract a female spawning partner (Ref. 2, 52307). Courting behaviour in the nest consists of lateral display by both sexes with nipping and tail-flapping (Ref. 2). Eggs are deposited in single clutches, from several dozen to 100 eggs (Ref. 52307), and are taken into the females mouth as soon as they are fertilized (Ref. 2, 6465, 52307), with a peak spawning frequency around the 9-11th hour of light (Ref. 31140, 54365). One female may hold up to 2000 eggs in her mouth (Ref. 2). The female swims away to deeper water with the brood after spawning is complete (Ref. 2, 52307), while the male renews spawning activities with another female. Hatching occurs about 3 days after oviposition (Ref. 2). Incubation time varies with temperature, 13-14 days at 25-27°C (Ref. 2, 52307) or 8-10 days at 29°C (Ref. 144), and juveniles leave the mother's mouth when they are about 1.1cm in length (Ref. 54601). The young school near parent's head for a few days, reentering the mouth at any sign of danger or at a gesture of the female; parent-offspring relationship ceases after 5 days (Ref. 2).非洲與歐亞大陸: Jordan 山谷，尼羅河下游，查德流域，貝努埃河，中央與尼日河上游，塞內加爾河.(參考文獻 21) 在 Azraq(Jordan) 的綠洲中引入以及在美國，南方與中美洲與亞洲東南部的溫暖水池塘中。 至少一個國家報告引入後的不利的生態衝擊。
Trewavas, E., 1983. Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2)
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性; 養殖: 商業性; 水族館: 商業性; 誘餌: usually
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01905 (0.01471 - 0.02469), b=2.98 (2.94 - 3.02), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 2.1 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 2.2 (0.3 - 4.4) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 10
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (K=0.48-0.58; tm<1).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (26 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 20.5 [7.9, 95.6] mg/100g; Iron = 1.09 [0.53, 2.43] mg/100g; Protein = 17.9 [16.4, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 0.216 [0.110, 0.456] g/100g; Selenium = 59.4 [31.1, 114.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.08 [1.98, 29.17] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.68 [0.99, 3.97] mg/100g (wet weight);
