分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Cichliformes (Cichlids, convict blennies)
鱸形目 (Cichlids, convict blennies) >
Cichlidae (Cichlids)
麗魚科 (Cichlids) > Pseudocrenilabrinae
Etymology: Oreochromis: Latin, aurum = gold + Greek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch (Ref. 45335); esculentus: Esculentus (latin) = edible (Ref. 27292). "The specific name esculenta is suggested, so as to express the fact that this is the important edible commercial species of Lake Victoria." (Ref. 27292, 55055).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
; 淡水 底中水层性; 深度上下限 0 - 50 m (Ref. 34291), usually ? - 20 m (Ref. 34290). 熱帶; 23°C - 28°C (Ref. 3)
Africa: Lake Victoria, Lake Nabugabo, Lakes Kyoga and Kwania, the Victoria Nile above the Murchison Falls, Malawa River and Lake Gangu (Ref. 5166, 34290) in Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya (Ref. 3); but now extirpated from the main lake body and the only natural remaining populations are those of satellite lakes (Ref. 118638). The species has been introduced into dams of the Lake Victoria catchment, as well as the Pangani catchment, Zigi River, Malagarazi River, Lake Rukwa, Wami River and the central Tanzania lakes surrounding Dodoma and Tabora (Ref. 118630, 118638). Introductions in the Akagera lakes in Rwanda (Ref. 1739, 54979) seem to have been based on erroneous tilapia identifications (Ref. 46152).
非洲: 維多利亞湖，湖 Nabugabo 湖，湖 Kyoga 湖與 Kwania, 與在 Murchison 秋天上面的維多利亞尼羅河; Malawa 河 (烏干達) 與湖 Gangu, 位於維多利亞湖西方。 維多利亞湖的原始特有種的這種是廣泛分佈於水壩.(參考文獻 4967) 至少一個國家報告引入後的不利的生態衝擊。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 24.9, range 17 - 27 cm
Max length : 50.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 2); common length : 31.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 34290); 最大体重: 2.5 kg (Ref. 2); 最大年龄: 10 年 (Ref. 2)
背棘 (总数): 16 - 18; 背的软条 (总数): 10-11; 臀棘 3; 臀鳍软条: 10 - 12; 脊椎骨: 30 - 31. Diagnosis: A large bodied tilapia with a small rounded head, short snout, forward-facing mouth, deep body, relatively small eye for the body size, and generally lacking any dark stripes or blotches (Ref. 118638). Females and non-territorial males typically pale grey, white ventrally; males are typically darker, especially in the head/dorsal region; breeding males have a reddish-pink head and flank, dark fins with red/pink dorsal margins, and red/pink caudal region (Ref. 118638). In contrast to Oreochromis rukwaensis, mature males of O. esculentus do not show enlarged jaws (Ref. 27292). Oreochromis esculentus differs from O. niloticus as follows: no vertical stripes on the caudal fin; lower numbers of soft dorsal rays and therefore of total dorsal rays; lower modal number of lower gill-rakers; finer teeth in jaws and pharynx; a longer lower pharyngeal bone, 33.0-35.5% length of head; caudal peduncle as long as or, usually, longer than deep; O. niloticus, in common with many other species, is often preserved with three or four midlateral spots and another on the top of the caudal peduncle, a pattern not found in O. esculentus; and male genital papilla opening between a pair of often spongy lobes, vs. papilla conical or with a slight distal notch in O. niloticus (Ref. 2).
鉴别: 头部略微尖的; 吻部有相当陡峭的前额; 眼放置低的.(参考文献 27292) 在成熟的雄性中的颚没有增大.(参考文献 2) 眶前骨相当浅的, 它的深度不超过 21% 头长.(参考文献 2,27292) 咽骨 33.0-35.5% 头长; 雄鱼生殖乳突开口在一对之间时常海棉状的叶 (乳突锥形或具有一个轻微的末梢部的凹槽).(参考文献 2) 长度:尾柄 0.9-1.15 的深度比.(参考文献 2,34290) 没有生殖的流苏的雄性.(参考文献 363,27292,54836) 身体不明显的有斑點的.(參考文獻 4903,54836) 雄性的繁殖顏色一個一般的淡紅顏色有黑色的腹部份與背鰭; 背鰭的垂部不是鮮紅色或橘色.(參考文獻 2) 沒有在尾鰭上的垂直的斑紋.(參考文獻 2,4967) 幼魚與雌魚有 吳郭魚 -在軟的背鰭標誌.(參考文獻 27292)
描述: 身體非常深的; 背面輪廓陡升而且均勻地從吻尖到高的背面.(參考文獻 54840) 在 2-3 系列中在稚魚的齒, 3-5 當成魚時; 在成魚的低咽骨長度超過寬的, 齒細的而且擁擠.(參考文獻 2) 在頰上的鱗片通常在 2-3 列。 (參考文獻 2,4967,54840,55055,56136) 鱗片在到眶前骨上延伸.(參考文獻 54840) 在尾部 peducle 的頂端上的 8-9個鱗片在側線上面.(參考文獻 2,55055,56136) 上半部側線有 20-23個鱗片, 用 12-17 鱗片的較下面的部位.(參考文獻 27292) 5.5-7 ，鱗片在尾梗的長度中沿著側線列。 (參考文獻 56137) 微-鰓刺位於第二, 第三與第 4個弓的外部側邊之上.(參考文獻 2,4967) 耳石非常平滑的.(參考文獻 56279) 背鰭與臀鰭在後部尖, 但是不是絲狀; 胸鰭延伸超過臀鰭起點.(參考文獻 54979) 尾柄深度超過長的.(參考文獻 54840) 尾部的時常在成魚中藉著穿著圓的; 尾部的不濃密地覆有鱗片的, 但是在大的個體中小鱗片幾乎可能在鰭條上延伸到邊緣而且相當在上、下鰭條上是密集的.(參考文獻 2) 雄魚的生殖乳突不被延長, 但是可能是鈍地兩裂的而且有一些短的葉具有一個海棉狀的質地.(參考文獻 2,4967) 老的標本可能是奇妙形狀與很重有背骨.(參考文獻 55055)
體色 雌性與非繁殖期的雄魚: 黃褐色的對水的綠色, 漸層色到乳黃色或下面銀色的.(參考文獻 2,34290) 軟的垂直鰭通常有圓的白色斑點。 (參考文獻 2,34290,54840) 鰭深色的, 有些許紅色色調了; 單色顏色的尾部.(參考文獻 36900) 沒有縱帶.(參考文獻 27292,54836) 幼魚: 銀灰色的 (參考文獻 4903,34290,55020) 時常有淺藍灰色弦外之音.(參考文獻 55020) 橫帶很少存在又除了個體 1.3-2.04-5 寬的擴散橫帶可能是的公分呈現, 偶然地在側面上帶水平斑塊的形式。 (參考文獻 55020) 清澈的-有環的﹐顯著的﹐和黑色的吳郭魚-標誌呈現 (參考文獻 2,4903,34290,36900,55020), 那可能仍然被探察向上到 17 公分 SL, 但是然後不是有環.(參考文獻 2) 繁殖期的雄魚: 整個的腹面從口部到肛門 (參考文獻 2,363) ，腹鰭，臀鰭的前部與背鰭黑色.(參考文獻 2,363,4967,27292) 沒有鮮紅色或橘色邊緣的背鰭.(參考文獻 2,4903,34290,54979,56136) 背鰭垂部有時變為深紅色。 (參考文獻 2,56136) 在背鰭與尾鰭上的白色與呈綠色的白色斑點可能是在雄魚增強。 (參考文獻 2,363) 在黑色的區域 (參考文獻 2,363,56136) 上面的頭側 (參考文獻 2,363) 與身體深紅色, 其他地方鱗片灰色的具有略帶桃色-黃褐色邊緣.(參考文獻 2,363) 胸鰭清澈與些微粉紅; 腹面與鰭, 紅色的側邊黑色顏色與紅色 (深紅色) 垂部在死亡之後保持.(參考文獻 363) 保存的標本: 橄欖色灰色的, 比較深色的背面, 微白色的腹地; 頭部深色的; 鰓蓋斑點清楚看得見; 背鰭、臀鰭與尾鰭略灰色的.(參考文獻 54979)
Occasionally forms schools (Ref. 2, 363, 36900), mainly diurnal (Ref. 2). Tolerant of low oxygen concentrations, less than 1 ppm, and high levels of carbon dioxide (Ref. 3, 52016). A plankton-feeder using the mucus-trap mechanism combined with the combing action of the pharyngeal teeth (Ref. 2); the species is non-selective, in the sense that all organisms of a size capable of being retained by these means are passed into the stomach, but it is selective in that the schools follow concentrations of diatoms in the lake (Ref. 2). Food consist almost entirely of phytoplankton (Ref. 3, 6316), mainly diatoms (Ref. 4903, 30832, 34291), but also higher plants, insects and their larvae, crustaceans and worms like Tubifex (Ref. 27292); insect larvae and planktonic crustaceans occur less frequently although they may contribute to the diet of young fishes (Ref. 4903, 34291). A maternal mouthbrooder (Ref. 363, 4903, 12468, 27292, 34291, 54840, 118638); males make simple nests in shallow water (Ref. 118638). Ecologically, an offshore-living plankton feeder, which complemented the more inshore-living Oreochromis variabilis in the original ecosystem of Lake Victoria; these niches are now filled by the introduced Oreochromis niloticus and O. leucostictus respectively (Ref. 118638). Was a major component of the fisheries catch in Lake Victoria; supports artisanal fisheries in satellite lakes of Lake Victoria and forms a large part of the catch in Lake Rukwa, Nyumba ya Mungu and the central Tanzania lakes (Ref. 118638). Excellent taste, firm meat and suitable for sundrying (Ref. 54860). IUCN conservation status is critically endangered (Ref. 118638).
生存在温度范围从 23.0-28.0 °C 。 (参考文献 3) 宽容的溶氧量低集中 (<1个 ppm)(参考文献 3,48262,52016) 与高度二氧化碳.(参考文献 3,52016) 偶然地形成鱼群。 (参考文献 2,3,363,36900,52061,55020) 主要日行性.(参考文献 2) 滤食动物.(参考文献 787) 食物几乎完全地浮游植物 (参考文献 3) 组成, 主要地硅藻 (参考文献 30832,34291) 也较高等的植物 (参考文献 27292), 与小的动物例如昆虫與他們的幼體, 甲殼動物 (參考文獻 4903,27292) 與蠕蟲 (參考文獻 27292),被作為得好，但是他們時常出現比較少量而且可能有助於幼魚的到食性.(參考文獻 4903,34291) 只有矽藻 (參考文獻 4903,54979) 與一些藍綠色與綠藻 (參考文獻 361) 狀似消化。 無性的 (參考文獻 12468) 又母親的 moutbrooder.(參考文獻 363,4903,12468,27292,34291,54840) 優良的品嚐, 結實的肉而且適合做雜物.(參考文獻 54860)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Reproduction probably triggered by the rains (Ref. 2771), with the time of maximum spawning activity coinciding with the wettest months of the year (Ref. 363). Males form a crater-like spawning nest without a distinct wall (Ref. 27292). The pit is about 30cm in diameter and 10cm deep, and is probably made in the early morning (Ref. 27292). Ovaries show that a female may have a succession of three or more broods in a spawning period; brooding females often shelter in weed beds and swampy places (Ref. 2, 363). Males defend their breeding territory (Ref. 2) for weeks or on and off for several months, while females only make short visits to the spawning grounds and leave the territory immediately after spawning (Ref. 363). Males eat little while actively guarding the nest (Ref. 363). Papyrus swamp channels (Ref. 363, 34921, 55020) and beaches with weed grown swamps (Ref. 34921) function as nursery areas. Young become independent at a length of about 1.5cm (Ref. 2, 363)by which size the yolk sac is occluded and they have strated to feed (Ref. 363), and at about 12cm TL they move from the nursery areas to the open water (Ref. 2).非洲: 維多利亞湖，湖 Nabugabo 湖，湖 Kyoga 湖與 Kwania, 與在 Murchison 秋天上面的維多利亞尼羅河; Malawa 河 (烏干達) 與湖 Gangu, 位於維多利亞湖西方。 維多利亞湖的原始特有種的這種是廣泛分佈於水壩.(參考文獻 4967) 至少一個國家報告引入後的不利的生態衝擊。
Trewavas, E., 1983. Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 养殖: 实验的
更多信息
参考文献养殖养殖信息品种遗传学Electrophoreses遗传率疾病加工NutrientsMass conversion
合作者照片Stamps, Coins Misc.声音神经毒速度泳型鳃区Otoliths脑重体重比眼睛色素
工具
特别资料
下载 XML
网络资源
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01445 (0.00841 - 0.02484), b=3.01 (2.87 - 3.15), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 2.5 ±0.17 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tmax=10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (31 of 100).
