分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Cichliformes (Cichlids, convict blennies)
鱸形目 (Cichlids, convict blennies) >
Cichlidae (Cichlids)
慈鯛科魚類 (Cichlids) > Pseudocrenilabrinae
Etymology: Oreochromis: Latin, aurum = gold + Greek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch (Ref. 45335); karomo: Karomo is the local name of the species (Ref. 2).
More on author: Poll.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 底中水層性. 熱帶; 22°C - 28°C (Ref. 2060); 4°S - 6°S
Africa: endemic to Malagarasi River basin, Tanzania (Ref. 2, 118630, 118638).
非洲: 馬拉噶拉西河流域 (坦尚尼亞).
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 28.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4967)
背棘 (總數): 15 - 16; 背的軟條 (總數): 12-13; 臀棘 3; 臀鰭軟條: 10 - 11; 脊椎骨: 29. Diagnosis: A large bodied Oreochromis, characterised by elongated jaws, projecting forwards to form a long snout, with the tooth-bands meeting in the horizontal plane; broad bands of tricuspid teeth, with long, slender shafts and curved crowns, arranged in broad bands; maxilla with a flange resting on the premaxilla at the curve between its two arms; and dorsal region and flanks dark green/olive, ventral region lighter (Ref. 2, 118638). A tasseled species (Ref. 2). Fins of ripening males dark with orange lappets on the dorsal, female fins plain grey/olive (Ref. 118638). Females and non-breeding males have 3 large blotches on the flanks (Ref. 118638). Fully ripe males are purplish blue with dark spots on the flank scales, a blue-green head, bright blue lips and have blue-white stripes and spots on the dorsal, anal and tail fins; the dorsal and tailfins have broad orange margins, and there is a long, branched orange/red genital tassel (Ref. 118638).
鑑別: 流蘇了種。 (參考文獻 2) 成魚有顎三尖瓣 (參考文獻 2,55074) 的所有齒, 有長的, 細長的軸與彎曲的冠, 排列成寬的地帶了。 (參考文獻 2) 顎非常大的, 向前突出形成一個長的吻 (參考文獻 2), 與齒箍在水平的斷面碰到.(參考文獻 2,4967) 顎骨具有一個在它的二手臂之間的彎曲停留在前頜骨上的邊緣。 (參考文獻 2)
描述: 嘴與唇大的; 上頜骨不達到眼的前緣。 (參考文獻 53528) 上頜骨前的莖 (向上突起) 在後部地強化與, 不對稱地, 在他們的側面面上; 頜齒可動的.(參考文獻 2) 齒的寬的地帶看得見的當嘴巴被關閉的時候.(參考文獻 54836) 低咽的頜的葉片幾乎兩倍長於有齒區域的平均長度; 咽齒細長的﹐擁擠的與可動的.(參考文獻 2) 在頰上的鱗片形成 2 或 3 排。 (參考文獻 2,53528,55078) 在胸鰭基底與腹鰭之間的 4-5 鱗片.(參考文獻 2) 上面的側線有 20-21個鱗片, 低的具有 11-12個鱗片; 在上面的側線與 medioventral 線之間的 14個鱗片; 腹部與尤其胸廓的鱗片相當小的.(參考文獻 53528,55078) 側線為在尾鰭基底上的 2個鱗片延伸.(參考文獻 55078) 背鰭幾乎達到尾鰭的中央當成魚時與在稚魚中尾鰭基底; 臀鰭達到遠達背鰭; 總是被超過排洩孔的胸鰭.(參考文獻 55074) 延伸至排洩孔或生殖乳突 (參考文獻 2) 的腹鰭, 但是從不遠達胸鰭.(參考文獻 55074) 尾鰭細地覆有鱗片的, 除了在邊緣之外.(參考文獻 53528,55078) 生殖乳突增大的﹐兩裂的與樹突狀的在兩性 (參考文獻 2) 的成熟魚中, 在繁殖期的雄性中向上到 10-15 公分, 藉由鮮橘色組織 (參考文獻 2,55077) 的半透明的絲狀突起與一滴, 但是在成熟的雌性中只有大約 5 mm 長.(參考文獻 2)
體色 非繁殖魚: 底色橄欖色, 比較黑的在身體的上半部上在黑色中心情形之下對每個鱗片.(參考文獻 2,55077) 3-4個大又黑色側面中央的斑塊, 在時常被一條模糊條紋結合的保存的標本中; 黑色的斑點伴隨著當時區域的側線系統的開口，前鰓蓋骨的眶下管與垂直肢翼了; 在背鰭上的斑點列或斑紋; 尾部的被覆蓋著的深色斑點, 時常混和著灰白的斑點。 (參考文獻 2) 在尾鰭上的斑點可能變成瘦長。 (參考文獻 54836) 胸鰭透明; 腹鰭黑色的.(參考文獻 55074) 繁殖期的雄性: 活著時顏色豔麗的, 提供一般印象淡藍色而橘色的 (參考文獻 2,55077), 橘色的顏色邊緣背部的 (參考文獻 2,4967,54836,55077) 與尾鰭 (參考文獻 2,55077), 與長的生殖乳突.(參考文獻 2,54836,55077) 一般的身體色彩藍灰色有帶紫色的光輝; 頭部藍綠色具有孔雀藍的唇; 顯得粉紅的齒的寬條紋; 胸鰭灰色的; 腹鰭有藍色斑紋與黑色的前緣; 尾部的與柔軟背部有淺藍色斑點與條紋.(參考文獻 2,55077) 成熟的雌性: 比較不色彩鮮豔，沒有尾鰭邊緣 (參考文獻 2,55077) 的橘色者，但是有橘色的背鰭邊緣 (參考文獻 2,4967,54836,55077) 以下它列斜的微白色的斑點.(參考文獻 2,55077) 一般的身體色彩綠褐色的.(參考文獻 55077) 唇孔雀藍當在雄魚中; 鰓蓋斑點紫羅蘭色.(參考文獻 2,55077)
Males were seen scooping up algal debris from the bottom, and occasionally they moved to the adjacent weed beds and rasp epiphytic algae (Ref. 2). A maternal mouthbrooder (Ref. 2, 118638); males defend territories in shallow water, building a small platform of fine sand in the centre of a small pit (Ref. 118638). Important in swamp fishery (Ref. 4967), and an important component of the fisheries catch in Lakes Sagera and Nyamagoma; potential as an aquaculture species (Ref. 118638). The IUCN status is critically endangered, based on small range, fishing pressure and habitat degradation (Ref. 118638). Excellent to eat; occurs in shallow water; common but localized (Ref. 53528).
生存在一個 21.5-29.0 °C 的溫差; 偶然地形成魚群; 主要日行性。 (參考文獻 2) 雄性被見到鏟取來自底部的海藻的殘礫, 偶然地移動到毗連的雜草叢用粗銼刀銼附生植物的藻類.(參考文獻 2,55077) 母親的口孵者.(參考文獻 55077) 優良的吃.(參考文獻 53528)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
A maternal mouthbrooder (Ref. 2, 118638); males defend territories in shallow water, building a small platform of fine sand in the centre of a small pit (Ref. 118638). Males construct and maintain a mating platform which is a circular area of fine sand (Ref. 2), usually only about 10-15cm in diameter which is much smaller than the length of the fish (Ref. 55077), surrounded by a low ridge, on the top of a mound about 10 cm high (Ref. 2), but the mound might be 1m in diameter at its base and 30cm high (Ref. 55074, 55077). The plaque of sand is kept very clean, making the nest visible from a considerable distance (Ref. 55077). Little boundary fighting between close neighbours, but males seen to drive away individuals of other species (e.g. Labeo and Clarias as well as other cichlids)(Ref. 2, 55077). Females are seen in the nests at various times throughout the day; the number of times a male spawns appears to be limited by the number of ripe females available; females cruise over the spawning grounds singly or in small shoals (Ref. 55077). Courtship behaviour short and not particularly complex (Ref. 364), including displaying by the male to attract a female, snout shaking (nose wagging) and tassel dragging (Ref. 364, 55077). Female lays a batch of eggs and immediately picks them up while the male drags his tassel over the nest (Ref. 2, 55077), but it remains unclear whether the eggs are fertilised in the water or in the mouth of the female (Ref. 55077). Two, 3 or more batches of eggs may be laid by the same female before she leaves the nest (Ref. 2, 55077), and the larger the female the more numerous the eggs (Ref. 55077). Normal spawning generally takes less than 5 minutes (Ref. 55077). Breeding individuals spend little time feeding (Ref. 2), and males do not leave their territory to feed (Ref. 5507). Young of 11 mm still with large yolk sacs were the largest seen from the mouth of a female (Ref. 55077). Young of 2-6cm remain in schools in the shallows (Ref. 2, 55077).非洲: 馬拉噶拉西河流域 (坦尚尼亞).
Trewavas, E., 1983. Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
極危 (CR) (B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)); Date assessed: 31 January 2006
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 養殖: 將來有可能使用; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01905 (0.00827 - 0.04391), b=3.01 (2.82 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 2.0 ±0.00 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (Fec=250).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (24 of 100).
