分類 / Names
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Teleostei >
Clupeiformes (Herrings) >
Ehiravidae (River sprats)
Etymology: Clupeonella: Latin, clupea = sardine, derived from Clupeus = shield; diminutive (Ref. 45335); cultriventris: "cultiventris" is taken from the Latin word, culter, meaning to cultivate. The ventral area of this fish is in the shape of a coulter, a vertical iron cutting blade fixed in front of a ploughshare (Ref. 72389).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水; 溯河洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 10 - 13 m (Ref. 10535). 溫帶; 60°N - 36°N, 27°E - 56°E
Eurasia: Black Sea (northwestern parts), Sea of Azov and Caspian Sea, also most of the affluent rivers of the area, reaching as far as 60 km inland. Also, Lake Palaeostomi (Bulgaria) and in Bay of Feodosiya (Romania), also Lake Apolyont (Turkey) (Ref. 188). Previously, two subspecies were recognized by some: Clupeonella cultriventris cultriventris (Nordmann, 1840) from the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov and Clupeonella cultriventris caspia (Svetovidov, 1941) from the Caspian Sea (Ref. 26334, 39702).
歐亞大陸: 黑海 (在西北部的部份), 亞速海與裡海, 也大部分的區域的支流, 達到遠達 60 公里在內陸。 同時, 湖 Palaeostomi(保加利亞) 與在 Feodosiya(羅馬尼亞) 的海灣中, 也湖 Apolyont(土耳其).(參考文獻 188) 二個亞種被辨識特徵為一些,
Clupeonella cultriventris cultriventris(Nordmann,1840) 從黑海與亞速海與 Clupeonella cultriventris caspia(Svetovidov,1941) 從裡海.(參考文獻 26334,39702)
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 14.5 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 72389); common length : 10.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 188); 最大年齡: 5 年 (Ref. 10535)
背棘 (總數): 0; 背的軟條 (總數): 13-21; 臀棘 0; 臀鰭軟條: 12 - 23. Head short and wide; belly sharply keeled, with 24 to 29 scutes; pectoral fin tips pointed; last 2 anal fin rays enlarged; pterotic bulla absent; no notch at the center of the upper jaw. Based on pelvic and pectoral fin length, Svetovidov (1952 and 1963) recognized 2 subspecies: C. cultriventris cultriventris with longer pectoral and pelvic fins compared to that of C. cultriventris caspia.
頭部短與寬的; 腹面銳利地龍骨, 藉由 24 到 29個鱗甲; 胸鰭頂端尖的; 最後 2個臀鰭棘條增大了; pterotic 文件印章不存在; 在上頜的中心的沒有凹槽。 以腹鰭與胸鰭長度為依據,Svetovidov(1952 與 1963) 辨認出 2個亞種了: 具有比較長的胸鰭與腹鰭的 C. cultriventris cultriventris 相較於 C. cultriventris caspia了。
Essentially a brackish water species but tolerating salinities up to 34 ppt and with semi-anadromous and purely freshwater forms in rivers and lakes. Forms schools. Migratory between winter or autumn feeding and summer spawning grounds. Feeds on zooplankton (Ref. 188); crustaceans such as copepods and cladocerans (Ref. 59043). Breeds in early summer in the Sea of Azov with a peak in May, and from about May in the lower reaches of rivers (e.g. Dneiper and Dneister) (Ref. 188). Eggs are pelagic (Ref. 59043).
實質上一個半淡鹹水種但是容忍鹽度向上到 34個 ppt 與具有半-溯河洄游產卵與河川與湖泊中的純淡水類型。 形成魚群。 迴游的在秋冬進食與夏天產卵場之間。 吃浮游動物;(參考文獻 188) 甲殼動物例如橈腳類的動物與水蚤.(參考文獻 59043) 繁殖於初夏在亞速海五月時具有一個高峰, 與從河 (例如內波河與 Dneister) 的下面範圍的大約五月.(參考文獻 188) 卵是大洋性的。 (參考文獻 59043)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
歐亞大陸: 黑海 (在西北部的部份), 亞速海與裡海, 也大部分的區域的支流, 達到遠達 60 公里在內陸。 同時, 湖 Palaeostomi(保加利亞) 與在 Feodosiya(羅馬尼亞) 的海灣中, 也湖 Apolyont(土耳其).(參考文獻 188) 二個亞種被辨識特徵為一些,
Clupeonella cultriventris cultriventris(Nordmann,1840) 從黑海與亞速海與 Clupeonella cultriventris caspia(Svetovidov,1941) 從裡海.(參考文獻 26334,39702)
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.5 - 16.5, mean 14.8 °C (based on 130 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5078 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00759 (0.00362 - 0.01590), b=3.06 (2.88 - 3.24), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.0 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.2-1.1(?); tm=2-3; tmax=5; Fec=5,220-20,110).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 39.7 [14.4, 148.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.303 [0.112, 1.137] mg/100g; Protein = 18.6 [16.8, 20.6] %; Omega3 = 0.937 [0.472, 1.929] g/100g; Selenium = 2.05 [0.71, 7.26] μg/100g; VitaminA = 46 [15, 144] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.597 [0.351, 1.704] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
