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Teleostei >
Syngnathiformes (Pipefishes and seahorses) >
Syngnathidae (Pipefishes and seahorses) > Syngnathinae
Etymology: Hippocampus: Greek, ippos = horse + Greek,kampe = curvature (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 居于水底的; 非迁移的; 深度上下限 0 - 60 m (Ref. 52034). 亚热带的; 53°N - 7°N, 32°W - 42°E
Eastern Atlantic: British Isles to Guinea and the Mediterranean Sea
东大西洋: Wadden 海洋向南至几内亚湾, 加纳利群岛而且沿着非洲岸边到几内亚。 也在地中海中。 国际间的买卖被监视过一个授权系统 ( CITES2, 自从 5.15.04 以后) ，而且一个 10 公分的最小大小应用。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 7.7 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 15.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 6733)
简单描述
型态特徵 | 形态测量图
背棘 (总数): 0; 背的软条 (总数): 16-19. Description (based on 35 specimens): Adult height: 7.0-13.0cm. Rings: 11 + 37 (35-38). Snout length: 3.0 (2.8-3.4) in head length. Dorsal fin rays: 17 (16-19) covering 2+1 rings. Pectoral fin rays: 14 (13-15). Coronet: narrow, ridge-like and joined smoothly to nape of neck, or wedge-shaped (front narrow, back high and broad); some specimens with very large angular coronet (especially specimens from West Africa). Spines: low, very low in adults. Other distinctive characters: very short snout (usually less than 1/3 head length) that is slightly upward-bent; prominent eye spine. Color pattern: mottled brown to yellow, to maroon and rust (Refs. 52034, 89230); also orange, purple or black; sometimes with tiny white dots, but these do not coalesce into thick horizontal wavy lines as in H. guttulatus.
描述:(以 35件標本為依據) 成魚的高度: 7.0-13.0 公分。 環: 11+37.(35-38) 吻的長度: 3.0(2.8-3.4) 分之一頭長。 背鰭鰭條: 17(16-19)個覆蓋 2+1個環。 胸鰭鰭條: 14.(13-15) 冠: 狹窄的, 像脊一樣的而且平滑地對脖子的後頸結合, 或楔形的;(在前面的狹窄, 背面高與寬的) 一些標本有非常大的有角冠。 (尤其來自非洲西方部的標本) 棘: 低的, 非常低的當成魚時。 其他的顯著特性: 非常短的吻;(通常少於 1/3個頭長) 突出的眼棘。 彩色斑紋: 褐色﹐橘色的﹐和紫色或黑色的; 有時有極小的白色點, 但是這些不合併成厚的水平波浪狀的線當在 H. guttulatus 中.
Inhabits dense, complex habitats as well as patchy, relatively open and sparse habitats of coastal areas. Found on soft bottoms amongst rocks and algae (Ref. 6733), on sparsely vegetated areas, and in coastal lagoons with strong oceanic influences (Refs. 52034, 89230). Mimics the green or yellow coloration of plants allowing it to hide among the vegetation. This ability likely plays a role in seahorse feeding strategy and in predator avoidance (Ref. 52034). Makes limited daily movements within very restricted home ranges (0.7-18.1 m2) (Refs. 52034, 89256). May over-winter in deeper water. (Ref. 53712). Adult dispersal over large distances is probably caused by strong wave action during storms or when it anchors itself to floating debris (Ref. 52034).
Is thought to live for 3-5 years (Ref. 52034). Because of its short generation time and multiple breeding cycles during each spawning season, resilience is thought to be high. However, in tropical areas where seagrass beds are regularly exploited for other species of seahorses for the aquarium trade, traditional medicine, etc., populations have been quickly eradicated (Ref. 89253). Feeds on small prey and organic debris. Has been reared in captivity (Ref. 35416). Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 128812.
大部份在藻类之中的沿岸浅水区水域中生存。 (参考文献 6733) 可以在较深的水域中过冬。 吃小的猎物与有机的残砾。 它拟态让它藏在植物之中的植物的绿色或者黄色颜色。 卵胎生的.(参考文献 205) 与所有的海马，卵的孵育相较发生于发现于雄性的尾部的前面的一个袋的小袋.(参考文献 5377) 曾经后面在繁殖场.(参考文献 35416)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Ovoviviparous, with the female depositing eggs into the male brood pouch. During the mating season, mature males and females have been observed to change hue, i.e., become brighter, when greeting, courting, or mating (Ref. 88171). Newly hatched young are thought to have a planktonic stage that lasts at least eight weeks (Refs. 47822, 52034).东大西洋: Wadden 海洋向南至几内亚湾, 加纳利群岛而且沿着非洲岸边到几内亚。 也在地中海中。 国际间的买卖被监视过一个授权系统 ( CITES2, 自从 5.15.04 以后) ，而且一个 10 公分的最小大小应用。
Lourie, S.A., R.A. Pollom and S.J. Foster, 2016. A global revision of the seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146(1):1-66. (Ref. 115213)
人类利用
渔业: 低经济; 水族馆: 展示水族馆
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 10.9 - 26.5, mean 17.8 °C (based on 304 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00282 (0.00163 - 0.00487), b=2.96 (2.80 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.2 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增时间少于 15个月 (tm=0.3-0.4).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 191 [40, 725] mg/100g; Iron = 2.42 [0.86, 8.49] mg/100g; Protein = 3.35 [0.00, 7.22] %; Omega3 = 0.283 [0.105, 0.775] g/100g; Selenium = 31.1 [6.5, 111.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 5.88 [1.39, 24.14] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.46 [0.69, 2.95] mg/100g (wet weight);
