Gymnura marmorata, California butterfly ray : fisheries

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Gymnura marmorata (Cooper, 1864)

California butterfly ray
مشاهدات خود را اضافه کنيد در Fish Watcher
Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed.
Gymnura marmorata   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Pictures | تصوير گوگل
Image of Gymnura marmorata (California butterfly ray)
Gymnura marmorata
Picture by Robertson, R.

رده بندی / Names اسامي عام | مترادف | Catalog of Fishes(جنس, گونه ها) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

(كوسه ها و سپرماهيان) (sharks and rays) > Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) > Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
Etymology: Gymnura: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range بوم شناسي

دريايي نزديك كف زي; تغييرات عمق 1 - 94 m (Ref. 96339). Subtropical; 44°N -

پراكنش كشورها | مناطق سازمان خوار و بار جهاني (FAO) | Ecosystems | ظهور | Point map | معرفي | Faunafri

Eastern Pacific: California, USA to Peru.

Size / Weight / سن

Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 9255); common length : 95.0 cm WD جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 1468)

زيست شناسي     واژه نامه (بعنوان مثال epibenthic)

Inhabits warm-temperate to tropical shallow bays and beaches (Ref. 2850). Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes (Ref. 37955). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Has a small venom apparatus which has limited use as a defense organ (Ref. 37955). Maximum length reported to reach 150 cm (Ref. 37955).

Life cycle and mating behavior بلوغ | تولید مثل | تخم ریزی | تخم ها | Fecundity | توزاد ( لارو)

Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).

مآخذ اصلی Upload your references | مراجع | هماهنگ كننده : McEachran, John | همكاران

Compagno, L.J.V., 1999. Checklist of living elasmobranchs. p. 471-498. In W.C. Hamlett (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland. (Ref. 35766)

وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN (Ref. 130435)

  نزديک به تهديد شدن (NT) (A2d); Date assessed: 07 February 2019

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

خطر برای انسان ها

  Venomous (Ref. 4690)





استفاده انسانی

ماهي گيري – شيلات: ارزش تحاري اندك
FAO - Publication: search | FishSource | Sea Around Us

اطلاعات بيشتر

اسامي عام
مترادف
سوخت و ساز
شکارچیان
سم شناسي بوم زيستي
تولید مثل
بلوغ
تخم ریزی
Spawning aggregation
Fecundity
تخم ها
نمو تخم
Age/Size
رشد
طول - وزن
طول - طول
نوسانات طولی
ريخت ستجي بوسيله انداره گيري
ريخت شناسي
توزاد ( لارو)
پويايي لاروي
بازسازی
فراواني
BRUVS
مراجع
آبزي پروري
نمايه آبزي پروري
نژادها
ژنتيك
Electrophoreses
وارث
بيماري ها
فرآوری
Nutrients
Mass conversion
همكاران
عکس ها
Stamps, Coins Misc.
صداها
سيگواترا
سرعت
نوع شناگری
منطقه آبششي
Otoliths
مغزها
بینایی

ابزارها

گزارش های ويژه

بارگيری XML

منابع اينترنتي

AFORO (otoliths) | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | BOLDSystems | Websites from users | فيش واچر را ببينيد | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: جنس, گونه ها | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO - Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GenBank: ژنوم, نوکلئوتيد | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | MitoFish | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | Tree of Life | Wikipedia: برو, جستجو | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoological Record

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 17.7 - 28.8, mean 23.4 °C (based on 100 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00776 (0.00352 - 0.01710), b=3.09 (2.89 - 3.29), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245).
Trophic level (Ref. 69278):  4.0   ±0.65 se; based on food items.
جهندگی (Ref. 120179):  خیلی آهسته, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت بيش از 14 سال (Fec assumed to be <10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  High vulnerability (60 of 100).
طبقه قيمت (Ref. 80766):   Medium.
Nutrients (Ref. 124155):  Calcium = 21.4 [4.0, 100.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.728 [0.188, 2.073] mg/100g; Protein = 22.7 [19.3, 25.6] %; Omega3 = 0.271 [0.078, 0.792] g/100g; Selenium = 20.3 [6.4, 60.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.76 [3.37, 28.18] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.569 [0.277, 1.042] mg/100g (wet weight);