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Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) >
Paralichthyidae (Large-tooth flounders)
Etymology: Paralichthys: Greek, para = the side of + Greek, ichthys = fish + Greek, suffix, oides = similar to (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Ayres.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Écologie
marin; saumâtre démersal; océanodrome (Ref. 51243); profondeur 0 - 183 m (Ref. 2850), usually 0 - 60 m (Ref. 122321). Subtropical; 48°N - 24°N
Eastern Pacific: Quillayute River in northern Washington, USA to southern Baja California, Mexico. Also in northern Gulf of California (Ref. 9330).
Length at first maturity / Taille / Poids / Âge
Maturity: Lm 47.3, range 47 - 51.3 cm
Max length : 152 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 2850); poids max. publié: 33.0 kg (Ref. 9330); âge max. reporté: 30 années (Ref. 33520)
Adults are found mostly on sandy bottoms near shore to 183 m depth. Juveniles are common beyond surf line, larvae settling in bays and estuaries (Ref. 122321). Adults feed during the day (Ref. 9643) on fishes and squids, often well off the bottom. An important sport and commercial fish. They are caught with trammel nets (Ref. 9330). Marketed as fresh fillet (Ref. 9330). Adults migrate to shallower waters to spawn (Ref. 9643). Has very sharp teeth and is known to bite if handled (Ref. 13513).
Distinct pairing (Ref. 205). They are batch spawners that exhibit indeterminate fecundiity and undergo asynchronous ovarian development (Ref. 122336). Spawning interval is between 7 and 14 days while spawning frequency is around 12 to 13 times per year.
Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Boston (MA, USA): Houghton Mifflin Company. xii+336 p. (Ref. 2850)
Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435)
Menace pour l'homme
Traumatogenic (Ref. 13513)
Utilisations par l'homme
Pêcheries: commercial; pêche sportive: oui
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 12.4 - 23.9, mean 19.8 °C (based on 48 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00357 - 0.01166), b=3.15 (3.00 - 3.30), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Niveau trophique (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.63 se; based on food items.
Résilience (Ref.
120179): Faible, temps minimum de doublement de population : 4,5 à 14 années (K=0.08; tmax=30; tm=2.6).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (55 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (61 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 38.8 [16.9, 81.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.81 [0.38, 1.56] mg/100g; Protein = 17.1 [14.7, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.207 [0.112, 0.387] g/100g; Selenium = 40.7 [19.2, 95.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 5.82 [1.41, 25.97] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.371 [0.244, 0.589] mg/100g (wet weight);
