Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري القاع; نطاق العمق ? - 450 m (Ref. 3688). Tropical; 38°N - 16°S
Eastern Atlantic: Cape Bojador, Western Sahara to Angola (absent around islands including the Canary Islands). Recently recorded from coast of Cadiz, southern Spain (Ref. 27509).
Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm 21.9 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm SL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 4781); common length : 32.5 cm SL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 4781); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 8.1 kg (Ref. 40637)
Live in small groups though large individuals may be solitary. Inhabit inshore waters, close to the bottom on various substrates (specially rocky) to 150 m. Adults feed on fish, crustaceans and cephalopods while the young feed on plankton (Ref. 4781). Important food fish.
Life cycle and mating behavior
النضج | التكاثر | وضع البيض | بيض | الخصوبة | Larvae
Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990. Sparidae. p. 790-812. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3688)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: تجاري
مزيد من المعلومات
مراجعالأستزراع المائيملف الأستزراع المائيسلالاتجينيElectrophoresesالتوريثالأمراضمعالجةNutrientsMass conversion
المتعاونينصورStamps, Coins Misc.اصواتالتسمم باكل السمكسرعةنوع السباحةمنطقة الخياشيمعظمة الأذندماغرؤية
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 12.8 - 16.1, mean 14.5 °C (based on 32 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.00933 - 0.01479), b=3.03 (3.00 - 3.06), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.59 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 7.3 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): وسيط, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 1.4-4.4 سنة (K=0.15-0.17; tm=2).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 72.6 [39.6, 136.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.952 [0.521, 1.667] mg/100g; Protein = 19.3 [17.8, 20.8] %; Omega3 = 0.285 [0.142, 0.573] g/100g; Selenium = 95.6 [45.6, 178.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 12.3 [4.0, 33.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.846 [0.597, 1.229] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
