Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
; المياه العذبة; مياه مخلوطة قاعية التغذية و المعيشة; سمكة نهرية (Ref. 51243). Tropical; 22°C - 28°C (Ref. 2059)
Asia: Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Yunnan in China.
الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 31.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 4833); common length : 15.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 6028)
Obligate air-breathing (Ref. 126274); Found in ponds, swamps, brackish water (Ref. 6028), ditches and beels (Ref. 1479). Adults prefer stagnant waters in muddy streams (Ref. 4833). Feed on worms, insects and small fish (Ref. 6028). Accept chopped fish and shrimp in the aquarium. Breed throughout the year. Mitochondrial hypertrophy, noted in the double cone of the retina of this species, is considered a basic process in oil droplet formation (Ref. 10557) believed to be an adaptation for enhanced visual contrast detection in turbid waters (Ref. 10407). Used as live bait for angling larger snakeheads.
Life cycle and mating behavior
النضج | التكاثر | وضع البيض | بيض | الخصوبة | Larvae
Spawning usually takes place at night in shallow water with a silty substrate. Eggs are laid in nests through elaborate tunnels in vegetated areas which look like vertical columns of water with the eggs floating in the center (Ref. 205). The male and female move towards the center of the nest during spawning where the male entwines his body to the female moving upward while releasing the eggs to be fertilised (Ref. 45309). Eggs are guarded by one or both parents. Hatching takes place in a day (Ref. 6028).
Pethiyagoda, R., 1991. Freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka. The Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, Colombo. 362 p. (Ref. 6028)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: تجاري; الأستزراع المائي: تجاري; حوض مائي: تجاري; طعم: occasionally
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01023 (0.00801 - 0.01307), b=2.98 (2.92 - 3.04), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.70 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 1.2 (0.9 - 2.4) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 11
growth studies.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): وسيط, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 1.4-4.4 سنة (K=0.2; Fec=2,300).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (18 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 144 [56, 374] mg/100g; Iron = 1.07 [0.71, 1.61] mg/100g; Protein = 17.5 [16.6, 18.4] %; Omega3 = 0.138 [0.069, 0.274] g/100g; Selenium = 29.4 [12.4, 70.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 55.9 [26.3, 115.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.27 [0.86, 1.81] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
