分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Labridae (Wrasses)
隆頭魚科 (Wrasses) > Cheilininae
Etymology: Cheilinus: Greek, cheilos = lip (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Rüppell.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 礁區魚類; 深度上下限 0 - 100 m (Ref. 58652). 熱帶; 30°N - 23°S
Indo-Pacific: Red Sea to South Africa (Ref. 35918) and to the Tuamoto Islands, north to the Ryukyu Islands, south to New Caledonia. Formerly known as Vulnerable (A1d+2cd) (Y. Sadovy) but now listed as Endangered in IUCN 2004.
印度-太平洋: 紅海到南非 (參考文獻 35918) 與到 Tuamoto 島, 北至琉球群島, 南至新加勒多尼亞。 過去稱為次級保育類動物 (1d+2 cd)(Y. Sadovy) 但是現在列出了當瀕臨絕種的動物在 IUCN 2004 而且在附錄 2 列出引用。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 52 - ? cm
Max length : 229 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9823); common length : 60.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5450); 最大體重: 191.0 kg (Ref. 9710); 最大年齡: 32 年 (Ref. 51676)
背棘 (總數): 9; 背的軟條 (總數): 10; 臀棘 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8. This species is distinguished by the following characters: body deep, its depth 2.2-2.7 times in standard length; dorsal profile of head straight to above eye, then becoming convex; adults develop a large hump on forehead that can protrude anterior to eye; anterior tip of head forming an acute angle; jaws and lips prominent, 2 strong canines anteriorly in each jaw; no enlarged tooth present of rear of upper jaw; D IX,10, continuous; A III,8; dorsal and anal fins of adults very pointed, reaching well posterior to caudal-fin base; pelvic fins of small fish reaching anus, extending beyond anal-fin origin in large adults; pectoral fins with ii unbranched and 10 branched rays; caudal fin rounded; lateral line interrupted below posterior portion of dorsal-fin base, with a total of 22-23 pored scales; scales reaching well onto bases of dorsal and anal fins; scales in front of dorsal fin extending forward to above centre of eye; cheek and opercle scaly; lower jaw without scales. Colour of body olive to green with a vertical dark bar on each scale above and behind pectoral fins; head of adults blue-green to blue with highly irregular undulating yellowish lines; 2 black lines extending posteriorly from eye. Juvenile coloration lighter to white with dark scale bars and prominent black lines extending posteriorly from eyes, as well as 2 lines extending diagonally up and back from eye and 2 diagonally downward on snout in front of eye (Ref. 9823).
這種的成魚在前額上發育厚唇與一個突出的凸起隆起。 稚魚灰白的呈綠色的在漸漸地形成橫帶的鱗片上有細長的深色斑點; 2條黑色的線在後部地從眼.(參考文獻 4392)
Adults inhabit steep outer reef slopes, channel slopes, and lagoon reefs (Ref. 1602). They are benthopelagic at 2-60 m (Ref. 58302). They are usually solitary but may occur in pairs. Juveniles are encountered in coral-rich areas of lagoon reefs, where staghorn Acropora corals abound (Ref. 1602) and also in algae reefs or seagrasses (Ref. 48636, 41878). Adults rove across the reefs by day and rest in reef caves and under coral ledges at night (Ref. 31343). Primary food are mollusks, fishes, sea urchins, crustaceans, and other invertebrates. They are one of the few predators of toxic animals such as sea hares, boxfishes and crown-of-thorns starfish (Ref. 1602). They are oviparous with distinct pairing during breeding (Ref. 205). They are sold in Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref. 27253). This species is captured by hook-and-line and by spear, and is occasionally marketed for food. Juveniles are occasionally seen in the aquarium trade (Ref. 9823). Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 128797.
棲息於陡峭的外礁斜坡，峽道斜坡與潟湖礁。 通常獨居性的但是可能成對出現。 稚魚在潟湖礁的珊瑚豐富的區域被見到, 在哪裡充滿鹿角 Acropora 珊瑚;(參考文獻 1602) 也在藻類礁或海草中.(參考文獻 48636,41878) 成魚白天巡游於礁之間而且在礁洞穴中休息與在珊瑚岩架下面在晚上.(參考文獻 31343) 初期的食物是軟體動物，魚，海膽，甲殼動物與其他的無脊椎動物。 有毒動物例如海兔，箱魨與刺冠海星的少數掠食者之一.(參考文獻 1602) 發現於.香港活魚販售.(參考文獻 27253)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (Ref. 205). Also Ref. 103751.印度-太平洋: 紅海到南非 (參考文獻 35918) 與到 Tuamoto 島, 北至琉球群島, 南至新加勒多尼亞。 過去稱為次級保育類動物 (1d+2 cd)(Y. Sadovy) 但是現在列出了當瀕臨絕種的動物在 IUCN 2004 而且在附錄 2 列出引用。
Randall, J.E., G.R. Allen and R.C. Steene, 1990. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 506 p. (Ref. 2334)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
瀕危 (EN) (A2bd+3bd); Date assessed: 30 April 2004
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 養殖: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.9 - 28.8, mean 27.5 °C (based on 580 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5078 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01514 (0.01169 - 0.01959), b=2.97 (2.90 - 3.04), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.61 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 27.5 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (tm = 5-7; tmax = 32).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (74 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 12.1 [5.8, 27.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.416 [0.172, 0.952] mg/100g; Protein = 18.1 [13.7, 21.4] %; Omega3 = 0.0801 [, ] g/100g; Selenium = 63.5 [27.0, 158.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 100 [16, 448] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.77 [1.00, 3.02] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
