分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鳃亚纲 (鲨鱼与 鱼) (sharks and rays) >
Lamniformes (Mackerel sharks) >
Carchariidae (Ragged-tooth sharks)
Etymology: Carcharias: From the Ancient Greek karkharías, shark, derived from kárkharos, sharp or jagged, referring to a shark’s teeth. (See ETYFish); taurus: Latin for bull, from Pesce Tauro, local name for this shark in Sicily, Italy, type locality. (See ETYFish).
More on author: Rafinesque.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 礁区鱼类; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 1 - 191 m (Ref. 247), usually 15 - 25 m (Ref. 43278). 亞熱帶的; 45°N - 48°S, 100°W - 155°E
Circumtropical: Except perhaps the eastern Pacific (Ref. 13568). Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and off the coasts of South Africa to Japan, Korea and Australia (Ref. 13568). Present in Arafura Sea (Ref. 9819). Western Atlantic: Gulf of Maine to Argentina. Old record from Bermuda, south Brazil (Ref. 26938). Eastern Atlantic: Mediterranean to Cameroon. Northwest Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951).
除了也許東太平洋以外發現於所有的溫暖海洋了。 (參考文獻 13568) 印度-西太平洋: 紅海與南非外海至日本，韓國與澳洲.(參考文獻 13568) 在阿拉弗拉海呈現。 (參考文獻 9819) 西大西洋: 緬因灣到阿根廷。 來自百慕達群島，巴西南方的舊的記錄.(參考文獻 26938) 東大西洋: 地中海到喀麥隆。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 225.0, range 220 - 230 cm
Max length : 330 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 27549); common length : 250 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 6077); 最大体重: 158.8 kg (Ref. 40637)
背棘 (总数): 0; 背的软条 (总数): 0; 臀棘 0; 臀鳍软条: 0. A shark with a short, pointed snout, small eyes, protruding spike-like teeth and small, equal-sized dorsal and anal fins; 1st dorsal fin closer to pelvic than to pectoral fins (Ref. 5578). Caudal fin with a pronounced subterminal notch and a short ventral lobe (Ref. 13575). Pale brown or grey, paler below, with dark spots that appear faded in adults; fins plain (Ref. 6586).
一鲨鱼有一个短的，尖的吻，和小的眼, 伸出像长钉一样的齿与小又大小相同的背鳍与臀鳍; 第一背鳍更靠近腹鳍超过对胸鳍.(参考文献 5578) 尾鳍有一个明显的接近端位的凹槽与一个短的腹叶。 (参考文献 13575) 白褐色或灰色的，腹面灰白的, 与出现暗淡的当成鱼时的深色斑点; 鳍平原.(参考文献 6586)
A common littoral shark found inshore from the surf zone and in shallow bays to at least 191 m on the outer continental shelves (Ref. 13568). Often on or near the bottom but also occurs in midwater or at the surface (Ref. 247). Only shark known to gulp and store air in its stomach to maintain neutral buoyancy while swimming (Ref. 13568). Found singly or in small to large schools (Ref. 247). Feeds on bony fishes, small sharks, rays, squids, crabs, and lobsters (Ref. 5578). Ovoviviparous, embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova produced by the mother as well as other siblings in the womb (uterine cannibalism) (Ref. 50449). Usually gives birth to 2 pups after a 9-12 months gestation period (Ref.58048). A migratory species in parts of its range, particularly in its northern and southern extremities where pronounced poleward migration occur in the summer and equatorial movements in autumn and winter (Ref. 247). Usually inoffensive and not aggressive when not provoked (Ref. 247) but has known to bite swimmers and be aggressive towards divers with speared fish (Ref. 6586). Utilized for fresh, frozen, smoked and dried for human consumption (Ref. 247); also for fishmeal, liver oil, fins, and hides for leather (Ref. 13568). Flesh highly appreciated in Japan (Ref. 36731).
一种常见的沿海地区鲨鱼发现近海从海浪区与在浅湾中在大陆架外缘上的到至少 191 公尺.(参考文献 13568) 时常在底部上面或附近也出现于中层水域中或在水表面.(参考文献 247) 知道的唯一的鲨鱼吸取存贮空气在它的胃里维持中性浮力然而游泳.(参考文献 13568) 各别地或在小型到大型的鱼群中发现。 (参考文献 247) 吃硬骨鱼类，小的鲨鱼， ，乌贼，螃蟹与龙虾。 (参考文献 5578) 卵胎生的, 胚胎吃产生于母亲的卵黄囊与其他的卵以及在子宫 (子宫同类相食) 中的其他同源鱼种.(参考文献 50449) 在它的分布范围的部份中的一个回游的种, 特别地在它的最南最北中在哪里称为 poleward 回游出现于夏天与在秋天与冬天出现近赤道的回游运动.(参考文献 247) 通常无攻击性而不是侵略性当没有被激怒时 (参考文献 247) 但是已经知道咬游泳者与是用猎杀的鱼对潜水者具有侵略性.(参考文献 6586) 用来做生鲜地了, 冷冻, 烟熏了而且乾燥以供人类的消费;(参考文献 247) 也用于鱼粉，肝油，鳍与皮用做皮革.(参考文献 13568) 肉高度地在日本欣赏了。 (参考文献 36731)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding on other ova produced by the mother (oophagy) after the yolk sac is absorbed, then cannibalize siblings (adelphophagy) (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Eggs leave the ovaries, and while in transit in the oviducts are fertilized and enclosed in groups of 16 to 23 in egg cases. However, at some time between fertilization and birth only two (Ref. 5578, 6586) embryos of its group prevails, possibly by devouring its rivals, and proceeds to eat fertilized eggs and smaller potential siblings in utero until birth. According to Springer (1948) (Ref. 39565), it is evident that this species sends forth into the world not only large, well-developed, and even experienced young but may send them forth with a full stomach. The yolk sac is resorbed at a small size, less than 17 cm, and the umbilical scar may be lost. Gestation period may be from 8 to 9 months long. Size at birth 100 cm (Ref. 6586).
Pratt (2001) (Ref. 49562) relates Gordon's (1993) (Ref. 51113) detailed account of the mating behavior of the sand tiger sharks as follows: "mating activities began when the two male C. taurus, having become reluctant to feed, increased their swimming speed, accompanied by clasper flexion and eventual interest in their female tank mates...aggressive displays such as snapping and stalking became frequent, mostly toward species of smaller Carcharhinus in the tank. The males did not become interested in the female until she slowed, moved to the sand area and started cupping her pelvic fins. The two males then became competitive toward each other, circling and tailing, until the alpha male forced the beta male out of the sand area. The female bit the male prior to copulation. She exhibited shielding behavior for several days and then resumed cupping and flaring. The female gradually changed her swimming position and began displaying the submissive behavior. The alpha male swam in increasingly larger circles and began splaying its claspers, then approached the female and exhibited tailing and nosing. Copulation occurred as the male bit into the right flank and trailing edge of the pectoral fin of the female. The male swam side by side with the female, copulating with the right clasper for one to two minutes. After copulation, the male showed little interest in the female." In captivity, males show aggression toward other species after copulation (Ref. 51113, 49562). Females avoid patrolling males by 'shielding' with pelvics close to the substrate (Ref. 51113, 49562). However, female acceptance of future male partner is indicated by a show of 'submissive' body, 'cupping' and 'flaring' of pelvic fins (Ref. 51113, 49562).除了也許東太平洋以外發現於所有的溫暖海洋了。 (參考文獻 13568) 印度-西太平洋: 紅海與南非外海至日本，韓國與澳洲.(參考文獻 13568) 在阿拉弗拉海呈現。 (參考文獻 9819) 西大西洋: 緬因灣到阿根廷。 來自百慕達群島，巴西南方的舊的記錄.(參考文獻 26938) 東大西洋: 地中海到喀麥隆。
Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens, 1994. Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref. 6871)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)
极度濒危 (CR) (A2bd); Date assessed: 07 December 2020
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 12.5 - 28, mean 24.6 °C (based on 648 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.8125 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01096 (0.00406 - 0.02959), b=3.03 (2.80 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (Fec=2; K=0.14-0.17; tmax=17).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (58 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 4.12 [0.71, 19.42] mg/100g; Iron = 0.397 [0.092, 1.092] mg/100g; Protein = 21.2 [18.7, 23.6] %; Omega3 = 0.215 [0.084, 0.534] g/100g; Selenium = 20.9 [5.9, 65.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20 [7, 64] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.286 [0.136, 0.590] mg/100g (wet weight);
