| First released to ponds in the Western Pomeranian Province (Ref. 92885). Established in open waters like the Bug, Oder, Vistula, Warta and San rivers (Ref. 92885). Invaded slowly flowing waters, eutrophic lakes, clay-pits and canals. Expansion was assisted by intentional introductions carried out by angling associations, fish pond's owners, accidental mixture to stocking material of other species as well as use as libe bait (Ref. 92885). Tolerates oxygen deficit, unfavorable temperature and pollution. Severely displaced and competed with several species of limnophilous fishes (Ref. 55773). Also Ref. 93375.
Ref:
Holcík, J., 1991
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