ການອ້າງອີງຫຼັກ | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
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ຂໍ້ສັງເກດ | Found over all types of bottom, but mainly around coral reefs and on vegetated sandy areas. In turbid as well as clear water (Ref. 9710). Often forms large aggregations, especially during the breeding season. Feeds at night on small fishes, bottom-living crabs, shrimps, worms, gastropods and cephalopods and other benthic invertebrates (Ref. 26338). Carnivore (Ref. 57616). Predominantly inhabits mangroves (Ref. 128694). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; |
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Substrate Ref. | Harper, L.M., J.S. Lefcheck, R. Whippo, M.S. Jones, Z. Foltz and J.E. Duffy, 2022 |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. |
ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງ | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
ປະເພດການໃຫ້ອາຫານ | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
ນິໄສການກິນອາຫານ | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
Estimation method | ຕົວຢ່າງຕົ້ນສະບັບ | ປະຊາກອນທີ່ບໍ່ແມ່ນປາ | ຂໍ້ສັງເກດ | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
ຈາກອົງປະກອບຂອງອາຫານ | 3.82 | 0.19 | 3.82 | 0.62 | Troph of juv./adults from 6 studies. |
ຈາກລາຍການອາຫານແຕ່ລະອັນ | 3.66 | 0.80 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງ | RodrÃguez Pino, Z., 1962 |