| อ้างอิงหลัก | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
|---|---|
| ข้อสังเกต | Pelagic species which occur in inshore waters of the continental shelf and continental slope (Ref. 75154). Found in deep seaward reefs; occasionally entering coastal bays. Feed primarily on fishes such as the bigeye scad, also feeds on invertebrates (Refs. 4233, 9773). Small juveniles associate with floating plants or debris in oceanic and offshore waters. Piscivorous predator; males feed more intensely on demersal preys than females (Ref. 41870). Known as a macro-carnivore (Ref. 126840). Pelagic-epibenthic. Inhabits coastal waters and can be found either in isolation or small schools (Ref. 9773). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Benthic; Pelagic; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
| Special habitats | Coral Reefs; Other habitats: deep-water corals; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Simon, T., H.T. Pinheiro, R.L. Moura, A. Carvalho-Filho, L.A. Rocha, A.S. Martins, E. Mazzei, R.B. Francini-Filho, G.M. Amado-Filho and J.-C. Joyeux, 2016 |
| อ้างอิง | |
|---|---|
| Associations | solitary; schooling; |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | Juveniles form small schools or solitary (Ref. 5213). |
| Parasitism |
| วิธีการให้อาหาร | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
| นิสัยในการกินอาหาร | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
| Estimation method | ตัวอย่างดั้งเดิม | ประชากรที่ยังไม่มีการทำการประมง | ข้อสังเกต | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| จากส่วนประกอบของอาหาร | 4.50 | 4.36 | 0.73 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |
| จากรายการอาหารของสัตว์แต่ละชนิด | 4.17 | 0.59 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| อ้างอิง | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 | ||||