Main Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
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Remarks | Found over hard bottoms in inshore reef areas. Forms schools in surface waters around Cocos Island, Costa Rica (Ref. 9313). Carnivorous, feeds on invertebrates and fish (Ref. 9313, 57615). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Dominici-Arosemena, A. and M. Wolff, 2006 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1995 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1995 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.45 | 0.81 | 4.15 | 0.63 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 4.02 | 0.64 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | López-Peralta, R.H. and C.A.T. Arcila, 2002 |