Ecology Summary - Brevoortia tyrannus

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Main Ref.	Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985
Remarks	Occurs inshore in summer, but at least some move into deeper water in winter (but perhaps not in south of range). Forms large and very compact schools, both of adults and juveniles. North /south migrations (spring and summer versus autumn) occur, as also short-term migrations in and out of bays and inlets depending on tides, season and weather. Adults are obligate filter-feeders, while larvae and prejuvenile fish (smaller than 4.0 cm TL) are particulate feeders (Ref. 46977). Preyed upon by sharks, cod, pollock, hakes, bluefish, tuna, swordfish, seabirds, whales and porpoises (Ref. 5951).

Main Ref.

Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985

Remarks

Occurs inshore in summer, but at least some move into deeper water in winter (but perhaps not in south of range). Forms large and very compact schools, both of adults and juveniles. North /south migrations (spring and summer versus autumn) occur, as also short-term migrations in and out of bays and inlets depending on tides, season and weather. Adults are obligate filter-feeders, while larvae and prejuvenile fish (smaller than 4.0 cm TL) are particulate feeders (Ref. 46977). Preyed upon by sharks, cod, pollock, hakes, bluefish, tuna, swordfish, seabirds, whales and porpoises (Ref. 5951).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Brevoortia tyrannus may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type	plants/detritus+animals (troph. 2.2-2.79)
Feeding type Ref.	Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985
Feeding habit	filtering plankton
Feeding habit Ref.	James, A.G., 1988

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Original sample		Unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition	3.23	0.17	2.34	0.17	Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies.
From individual food items	2.61	0.19			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.	Lewis, V.P. and D.S. Peters, 1994

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