| Main Ref. | Carpenter, K.E. and G.R. Allen, 1989 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Found in sand and rubble areas near coral reefs. Solitary but aggregations of around 50 individuals frequently encountered (Ref. 2295). Associated with seagrass (Ref. 118046). A nocturnal feeder (Ref. 9710). Feeds mainly on gastropods, ophiuroids, and echinoids. Pagurids and brachyuran crabs, polychaetes, tunicates, and holothurians are consumed in lesser quantities. |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom: rocky; rubble; |
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| Substrate Ref. | Broad, G., 2003 |
| Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
| Ref. | |
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| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Carpenter, K.E. and G.R. Allen, 1989 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Carpenter, K.E. and G.R. Allen, 1989 |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 3.37 | 3.16 | 0.29 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |
| From individual food items | 3.40 | 0.47 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Kulbicki, M., Y.-M. Bozec, P. Labrosse, Y. Letourneur, G. Mou-Tham and L. Wantiez, 2005 | ||||