Main Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
---|---|
Remarks | Occurs on the continental shelf (Ref. 75154). Nocturnal feeder (Ref. 122680). Feeds on benthic invertebrates, fish and cephalopods (Ref. 8925). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
Substrate | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
---|---|
Substrate Ref. | Broad, G., 2003 |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
Ref. | |
---|---|
Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
---|---|
Feeding type Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.19 | 0.42 | 3.57 | 0.44 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.61 | 0.47 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Haight, W.R., J.D. Parrish and T.A. Hayes, 1993 |