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Ecology of Paralichthys lethostigma
 
Main Ref. Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986
Remarks Found mostly over mud bottoms in estuaries and coastal waters to about 40 m depth. A cryptic species; tolerates low salinities; occurs frequently in brackish bays and estuaries, even on occasion in fresh water. Feeds chiefly on fishes, also on crabs and shrimps. Juveniles take mainly small bottom-living invertebrates.

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

Marine - Neritic Marine - Oceanic Brackishwater Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies
  • supra-littoral zone
  • littoral zone
  • sublittoral zone
  • epipelagic
  • mesopelagic
  • epipelagic
  • abyssopelagic
  • hadopelagic
  • estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas
  • mangroves
  • marshes/swamps
  • rivers/streams
  • lakes/ponds
  • caves
  • exclusively in caves
Highighted items on the list are where Paralichthys lethostigma may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref. Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986
Feeding habit hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref. Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986
Trophic Level(s)
Estimation method Original sample Unfished population Remark
Troph s.e. Troph s.e.
From diet composition 3.58 0.58
From individual food items 3.48 0.48 Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref. Minello, T.J., R.J. Zimmerman and T.E. Czapla, 1989
(e.g. 346)
(e.g. cnidaria)
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