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Larvae Information Summary for
Benthosema panamense
| Main Ref: | Moser, H.G. and E.H. Ahlstrom 1996 | |||
Yolk-sac larvae
| max | min | mod | Ref. | |
| Length at birth (mm) | 2.5 | |||
| Preanal L. % TL | 61 | 48 |
| Place of development | planktonic | |||
| Larval area | California Current region | |||
| Yolk-sac | Ref: | |||
| Yolk | Oil globules | |||
| Rows on tail | ||||
| Other melanophores on tail | ||||
Post larvae
| Striking feature | drop-shaped eyes | |||
| Striking shape lateral | normal (not striking) | dorsal | ||
| Striking feature | drop-shaped eyes | |||
| Shape of gut | elongated | |||
| Gas bladder early | late | pigmented | ||
| Spinal armature early | no spines | late | no spines | |
| Pigmentation early | ||||
| Rows on tail | no rows | |||
| Other melanophores on tail | no other melanophores | |||
| Melanophores on head + trunk | melanophores on head + trunk | |||
| Pigmentation late | ||||
| Rows on tail | no rows | |||
| Other melanophores on tail | one dorso-ventral cluster or band | |||
| Melanophores on head + trunk | melanophores on head + trunk | |||
| Urostyle region early | unpigmented | late | unpigmented | |
| Pectorals | normal without melanophores | |||
| Pelvics | fin rays only melanophores at fin base | |||
| Moderately stout body; gut to about midbody, slightly sigmoid; head moderate in size, rounded; snout blunt in postflexion stage; eye elliptical, wider after preflexion stage; lunate choroid tissue; postanal series coalesces to 1 melanophore; Br2 and Dn photophores forming at about 4.0 mm; PO5 in 6 mm larvae; PVO1 and upper Op in 7 mm larvae; PO1; VO1, and AO1 in 8 mm larvae. Pigmentation: Preflexion: by 2.5 mm, ventrolateral pair of elongate dashes at cleithrum; dorsolateral pair on terminal gut section, 2 pairs on lateral midgut, and 5-9 in postanal median ventral series; by 3.0 mm, 1 on lower jaw tip; by 4.0 mm, some have only a single lateral gut pair and postanal series coalesced to 1. Flexion: patch forms above bladder and cleithral dash angles dorsad along cleithrum; by about 5.0 mm, anterior to pectoral fin base, anterior to each nostril, in ceratohyal region, embedded on ventrolateral surface of hindbrain, and 1 to several in vertical series on posterior edge of hypurals. Postflexion: by about 6.0 mm, a series on anal fin base (in some); by about 7.7 mm, 1 medially above cerebellum; by 8.0 mm, a series embedded along haemal spines. Sequence of fin development: caudal, pectorals and anal, dorsal, pelvics. | ||||
Meristic characters
| max | min | mod | Ref. | |
| Total number of vertebrae | 33 | 31 | 31442 |
| L 1st feeding | Ref. | Months of presence of larvae | ||||
| max | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | ||
| min | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | ||
| mod | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | ||
| Water parameters Metric characters |
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