分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 礁区鱼类; 深度上下限 0 - 53 m (Ref. 13608), usually ? - 4 m (Ref. 55205). 亞熱帶的; 36°N - 4°S, 100°W - 37°W (Ref. 55205)
Western Atlantic: New Jersey, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to southern Brazil, including the Antilles (Ref. 3168).
西大西洋: 美國的紐澤西與墨西哥灣北部到巴西南部, 包括安地列斯群島.(參考文獻 3168)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 81.3, range 75 - 80 cm
Max length : 200 cm WD 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3168); common length : 90.0 cm WD 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3168); 最大体重: 135.6 kg (Ref. 40637); 最大年龄: 28 年 (Ref. 53968)
Disk has sharp outer corners and irregular row of short spines on upper surface (Ref. 26938). Disk usually uniform dark brown above, grayer in young. Ventral finfold on tail long and high, dorsal finfold absent (Ref. 7251). Upper surface of disc gray, dark or olivaceous brown or olive green. Lower surface of disc white or whitish with an edging of gray or brown (Ref. 6902).
圆盘在上表皮上有锐利的外角与不规则的矮棘列。 (参考文献 26938) 圆盘通常背面全深褐色的, 比较灰色的当幼鱼时。 在尾部上的腹面鳍褶长与高又背部的鳍褶不存在.(参考文献 7251) 体盘的上表面灰色的，黑的或橄榄褐色或橄榄绿色的。 体盘下表面白色的或微白色的具有一个灰色的边缘或褐色.(参考文献 6902)
Found on sandy bottoms, seagrass beds, lagoons and the reef face (Ref. 12951). Common in bays and estuaries (Ref. 7251). Observed singly, in pairs and in aggregations (Ref. 12951). Buries in the sand during the day and forages at night, usually in seagrass beds (Ref. 12951). Feeds mainly on bivalves and worms and also takes shrimps, crabs and small fishes (Ref. 3168). Feeds by creating depressions in the sand to expose invertebrates and small fishes (Ref. 9710). Ovoviviparous, with 3-4 in a litter (Ref. 12951). May be found in cleaning stations where they are attended to by the bluehead wrasse and Spanish hogfish (Ref. 12951). Equipped with a well-developed serrated spine and capable of inflicting a painful laceration. Easily approached by divers (Ref. 9710).
栖息于砂质底部，海草床，泻湖与礁面了。 (参考文献 12951) 常见于海湾与河口。 (参考文献 7251) 各别地观察, 成对与聚集成群.(参考文献 12951) 埋藏在沙子中在白天期间而且觅食在晚上, 通常在海草床.(参考文献 12951) 主要吃二枚贝与蠕虫以及捕食虾类，螃蟹与小鱼.(参考文献 3168) 藉由制造凹陷在砂中暴露无脊椎动物与小鱼的吃.(参考文献 9710) 卵胎生的, 有三至四个一胎.(参考文献 12951) 可能被发现于清洁的区域在哪里它们被蓝头鱼隆头鱼与西班牙的狐鲷伴随着.(参考文献 12951) 具有了锯齿状的棘一个发展良好的与能够施放令人痛苦的撕裂。 藉着潜水者容易接近。 (参考文献 9710)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Male mounts on female dorsally (Ref. 12951).西大西洋: 美國的紐澤西與墨西哥灣北部到巴西南部, 包括安地列斯群島.(參考文獻 3168)
Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor, 2016. Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.7 - 28.1, mean 27.3 °C (based on 795 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00265 - 0.01571), b=3.06 (2.86 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (tmax=28; Fec=3-4).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 5.41 [0.65, 23.15] mg/100g; Iron = 0.355 [0.083, 0.950] mg/100g; Protein = 24.6 [21.7, 27.3] %; Omega3 = 0.145 [0.039, 0.464] g/100g; Selenium = 13.9 [4.1, 41.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 19.8 [6.4, 64.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.592 [0.287, 1.207] mg/100g (wet weight);
