Opisthonema libertate, Pacific thread herring : fisheries, bait

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Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867)

Pacific thread herring
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed.
Opisthonema libertate   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Opisthonema libertate (Pacific thread herring)
Opisthonema libertate
Picture by Cotto Sánchez, A.J.

分類 / Names 俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(, ) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Teleostei > Clupeiformes (Herrings) > Dorosomatidae (Gizzard shads and sardinellas)
Etymology: Opisthonema: Greek, opisthe = behind + Greek,nema = filament (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Günther.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生態學

海洋; 深度上下限 ? - 70 m (Ref. 96339), usually ? - 50 m (Ref. 11035). 熱帶; 28°N - 3°S, 112°W - 78°W (Ref. 54686)

分布 國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | Point map | 簡介 | Faunafri

Eastern Pacific: Santa Rosalita, Pacific coast of Baja, California, Mexico southward to Punta Sal and Punta Picos, Peru. (Earlier works probably combined data for Opisthonema bulleri and Opisthonema medirastre). Range is extended northwards to San Pedro, California (Ref. 35601). Rare on outer coast of Baja California Sur (Ref. 35601).
東太平洋: 聖 Rosalita, 墨西哥下加利福尼亞的太平洋海岸向南至 Punta Sal 與 Punta Picos ,祕魯。 (早期的研究可能為 Opisthonema bulleri Opisthonema medirastre 聯合了資料). 範圍被延伸向北至加州的聖貝多羅.(參考文獻 35601) 稀有的在南下加利福尼亞的外部海岸上.(參考文獻 35601)

大小 / 重量 / 年齡

Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 55763); common length : 22.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9291); 最大體重: 261.36 g (Ref. 124487)

簡短描述 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖

背棘 (總數): 0; 背的軟條 (總數): 13-21; 臀棘 0; 臀鰭軟條: 12 - 23. The filamentous last dorsal fin ray distinguishes it from members of any other eastern Pacific clupeoid genus. Separated from eastern Pacific Opisthonema species by having 63 to 110 lower gill rakers in fishes over 14 cm standard length.
絲狀的最後背鰭鰭條區別它和任何其他的東太平洋的鯡魚屬的成員。 與東太平洋 Opisthonema 種在超過 14 公分標準長度的魚中藉著具有 63 到 110個下鰓耙分開。

生物學特性     字彙 (例如 epibenthic)

Usually occur near the surface of coastal and offshore waters, down to over bottom of continental shelf (Ref. 11035). Form dense schools. Apparently the most abundant of the eastern Pacific species of Opisthonema. Feed on phytoplankton (dinoflagellates and diatoms). Oviparous, with planktonic eggs and larvae (Ref. 35601). It is reduced to fish meal (Ref. 9291). Oil may be extracted (Ref. 9291). May be canned (Ref. 9291).

通常出現於接近沿岸與離岸水域的表面, 向下至大陸棚的底部上.(參考文獻 11035) 形成密集的魚群。 顯然最豐富的 Opisthonema 的東太平洋種. 捕食浮游植物 (腰鞭毛蟲與矽藻) 。 卵生的, 卵與仔魚為浮游性.(參考文獻 35601) 它是縮小成魚粉。 (參考文獻 9291) 可榨取油.(參考文獻 9291) 可製成罐頭.(參考文獻 9291)

Life cycle and mating behavior 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | | 孕卵數 | 仔魚

Oviparous (Ref. 35601).東太平洋: 聖 Rosalita, 墨西哥下加利福尼亞的太平洋海岸向南至 Punta Sal 與 Punta Picos ,祕魯。 (早期的研究可能為 Opisthonema bulleri Opisthonema medirastre 聯合了資料). 範圍被延伸向北至加州的聖貝多羅.(參考文獻 35601) 稀有的在南下加利福尼亞的外部海岸上.(參考文獻 35601)

主要參考資料 Upload your references | 參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者

Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)

IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)

  無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 24 May 2007

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

對人類具威脅

  無害處的





人類使用

漁業: 高經濟性; 誘餌: occasionally
FAO - 漁業: landings, 魚種描繪; Publication: search | FishSource | 周邊海洋

更多資訊

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生態毒物學
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孕卵數

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Otoliths
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網路資源

AFORO (otoliths) | Alien/Invasive Species database | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | BOLDSystems | Websites from users | 檢查 FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: , | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO - 漁業: landings, 魚種描繪; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GenBank: 基因組, 核甘 | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | MitoFish | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | 樹狀分類階層 | Wikipedia: , 搜尋 | World Records Freshwater Fishing | 動物學的記錄

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 21.4 - 29, mean 27 °C (based on 86 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5312   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00832 (0.00504 - 0.01373), b=3.02 (2.88 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).
營養階層 (Ref. 69278):  2.9   ±0.28 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref. 120179):  高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (K=0.22-0.5).
Prior r = 0.90, 95% CL = 0.59 - 1.35, Based on 2 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Low vulnerability (25 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649):  Moderate vulnerability (37 of 100).
價格種類 (Ref. 80766):   Medium.
Nutrients (Ref. 124155):  Calcium = 199 [90, 362] mg/100g; Iron = 1.94 [1.10, 3.34] mg/100g; Protein = 18.6 [17.5, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 0.37 [0.21, 0.67] g/100g; Selenium = 48.5 [23.7, 99.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 26.8 [9.3, 78.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.41 [0.97, 2.09] mg/100g (wet weight);