分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Clupeiformes (Herrings)
鯡形目 (Herrings) >
Clupeidae (Herrings, shads, sardines, menhadens)
鯡科 (Herrings, shads, sardines, menhadens)
Etymology: Clupea: Latin, clupea = sardine, derived from Clupeus = shield; doubtless a reference to the scales covering the body of the fish + Greek, odous = teeth (Ref. 45335); pallasii: Named after Petrus Simon Pallas, great Russian naturalist and explorer (Ref. 6885).
More on author: Valenciennes.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水; 非遷移的; 深度上下限 0 - 475 m (Ref. 58426). 溫帶; 77°N - 33°N, 34°E - 119°W (Ref. 54336)
Arctic: White Sea eastward to Ob inlet. Western Pacific: Anadyr Bay, eastern coasts of Kamchatka, possibly the Aleutian Islands southward to Japan and west coast of Korea. Eastern Pacific: Kent Peninsula at 107°W and Beaufort Sea southward to northern Baja California, Mexico.
北極圈: 白海向東至鄂比河小水灣。 西太平洋: 阿納德爾灣 , 勘察加的東岸,可能地阿留申群島向南至日本與韓國的西岸。 東太平洋: 肯特半島在 107 ° W 與碧佛海洋向南至墨西哥的下加利福尼亞北部。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 21.4 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 46.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 27436); common length : 25.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 188); 最大年齡: 19 年 (Ref. 27547)
背棘 (總數): 0; 背的軟條 (總數): 13-21; 臀棘 0; 臀鰭軟條: 12 - 23; 脊椎骨: 46 - 58. Without prominent keel; no median notch in upper jaw. Gill cover without radiating bony striae. No distinctive dark spots on body or fins. Overlaps C. harengus in White Sea, but distinguished by fewer vertebrae (usually 52 to 55; cf. usually 55 to 57) and fewer post-pelvic scutes (10 to 14; cf. 12 to 16). Dark blue to olivaceous above, shading to silver below (Ref. 27547). Precaudal vertebrae: 29-31-32; caudal vertebrae: 19-22-22 (Ref. 265).
沒有突出的龍骨脊; 在上頜中的沒有中央的凹槽。 沒有放射狀骨質陷紋的鰓蓋。 沒有在身體或鰭上的特殊的深色斑點。 在白海的重疊 C. harengus, 但是藉著較少的脊椎骨區別了 (通常 52 到 55; 比較通常 55 到 57) 與比較少的在腹鰭之後的鱗甲 (10 到 14; 比較 12 到 16). 對橄欖色的上方深藍色, 顏色變化成下面銀色的.(參考文獻 27547) 尾前椎: 29-31-32; 尾部的脊椎骨: 19-22-22.(參考文獻 265)
Neritic species (Ref. 11230). A coastal and schooling species (Ref. 188). Landlocked populations exist. Mature adults migrate inshore, entering estuaries to breed. During the summer of their first year, young form schools in shallow bays, inlets and channels that appear at the surface; these schools disappear in the fall and remain in deep water for the next 2-3 years (Ref. 6885, 27547). Young feed mainly on crustaceans, but also take decapod and mollusk larvae; adults prey mainly on large crustaceans and small fishes (Ref. 6885, 27547). Because it does not undertake extensive coastal migrations, the mixing of local populations is relatively rare (Ref. 27547). In the eastern Pacific, the fish is mainly caught for roe markets in Asia (Ref. 9988). There is a fishery for eggs laid on kelp, which when salted, is called kazunoko-kombu, and is considered a delicacy in Japan (Ref. 27547). Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166). Utilized fresh, dried or salted, smoked, canned, and frozen; eaten pan-fried, broiled, and baked (Ref. 9988). Possibly to 475 m depth (Ref. 6793).
淺海的種.(參考文獻 11230) 一個海岸與群游性種.(參考文獻 188) 陸封的族群存在。 成熟的成魚移動沿海地區,進入河口到繁殖。 在他們的第一的年的夏天期間, 幼魚 在出現在水表面的淺灣，小水灣與峽道中形成魚群; 這些魚群消失秋天時而且逗留在深水域下一個 2-3 年。 (參考文獻 6885,27547) 幼魚主要吃甲殼動物, 但也吃十足目與軟體動物幼生; 成魚主要捕食大的甲殼動物與小魚。 (參考文獻 6885,27547) 因為它不會進行廣泛的沿岸迴游, 地方族群的混合是相當稀有的。 (參考文獻 27547) 在東太平洋中，魚在亞洲是因為主要地而捕捉的魚白需求市場。 (參考文獻 9988) 有一個專門捕撈產在海藻上的卵漁業, 當它鹽醃的, 被稱為 kazunoko-kombu, 而且在日本一般認為一個佳餚.(參考文獻 27547) 被用於中藥材了。 (參考文獻 12166) 生鮮使用, 乾燥或鹽醃, 煙燻,, 裝於罐頭與冷凍; 吃油鍋炸的, 烤的與烘乾的.(參考文獻 9988) 可能地對 475 公尺深.(參考文獻 6793)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Oviparous (Ref. 265). A female turns to her side, deposits her eggs on the bottom and resumes an upright posture. This procedure is repeated until all eggs have been laid, which may take several days (Ref. 11548). As eggs are being deposited, males are releasing milt, fertilizing the eggs (Ref. 27547). There is no observable pairing of the sexes; the whole spawning area is white with milt (Ref. 11558).北極圈: 白海向東至鄂比河小水灣。 西太平洋: 阿納德爾灣 , 勘察加的東岸,可能地阿留申群島向南至日本與韓國的西岸。 東太平洋: 肯特半島在 107 ° W 與碧佛海洋向南至墨西哥的下加利福尼亞北部。
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性; 游釣魚種: 是的; 誘餌: usually
更多資訊
合作者照片Stamps, Coins Misc.聲音神經毒速度泳型鰓區Otoliths腦重體重比眼睛色素
工具
特別的報告
下載 XML
網路資源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 0.2 - 9.7, mean 2.8 °C (based on 966 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00521 - 0.00800), b=3.07 (3.01 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.2 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 4.2 (2.3 - 5.9) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 13
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (Musick et al. 2000 (Ref.
36717)).
Prior r = 0.56, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.84, Based on 7 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (49 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Low vulnerability (22 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 113 [31, 265] mg/100g; Iron = 0.652 [0.379, 1.109] mg/100g; Protein = 18.4 [16.4, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 1 [1, 2] g/100g; Selenium = 16 [5, 49] μg/100g; VitaminA = 15.1 [3.4, 67.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.18 [0.62, 2.02] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
