Alosa sapidissima, American shad : fisheries, gamefish

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Alosa sapidissima (Wilson, 1811)

American shad
إضافة ملاحظاتك Fish Watcher
Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed.
Alosa sapidissima   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
ارفع صور و مقاطع فيديو
Pictures | صور قوقل
Image of Alosa sapidissima (American shad)
Alosa sapidissima
Picture by Flescher, D.

التصنيف / Names الأسماء الشائعة | مرادفات | Catalog of Fishes(جنس, الانواع) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Clupeiformes (Herrings) > Alosidae (Shads and Sardines)
Etymology: Alosa: Latin, alausa = a fish cited by Ausonius and Latin, halec = pickle, dealing with the Greek word hals = salt; it is also the old Saxon name for shad = "alli" ; 1591 (Ref. 45335);  sapidissima: sapidissima meaning most delicious (Ref. 1998).

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range البيئة

بحري; المياه العذبة; مياه مخلوطة; أسماك صاعدة (Ref. 51243); نطاق العمق 0 - 250 m (Ref. 6793). Subtropical; 54°N - 28°N, 84°W - 52°W (Ref. 86798)

التوزيع دول | مناطق الفاو | النظام البيئي | الظهور | Point map | مقدمة | Faunafri

North America: Atlantic coast from Labrador, Canada to St. Johns River, Florida, USA; ascends coastal rivers during spring spawning migrations. Introduced into Sacramento River, California in 1870s and has spread along Pacific Coast from Kamchatka, Russia to Todos Santos Bay, Mexico. Landlocked in Millerton Lake, California, USA.

Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر

Maturity: Lm 43.4, range 38 - 48.5 cm
Max length : 76.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 6885); 61.7 cm SL (female); common length : 50.0 cm SL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 188); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 5.5 kg (Ref. 7251); العمر: 13 سنين (Ref. 72462)

وصف مختصر الوصف الخارجي | قياسات المظهر الخارجي

الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع): 0; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع): 15-19; شوكة شرجية 0; أشعه شرجية لينه: 18 - 24; فقرات: 51 - 60. Moderately compressed, belly with a distinct keel. Lower jaw not rising steeply within mouth. Gill rakers long and slender (fewer in young). Silvery in color with blue or blue-green metallic luster on back (Ref. 1998). A dark spot on shoulder, sometimes followed by several more, or even a second row. Resembles A. pseudoharengus with lower jaw rising steeply within mouth, eyes larger, and fewer lower gill rakers, as also A. aestivalis and A. mediocris (Ref. 188). Silvery, with a green or bluish back (Ref. 7251). Branchiostegal rays 7 (Ref. 4639).

أحياء     المصطلحات (على سبيل المثال epibenthic)

Spends most of its life at sea, returning to freshwater streams to breed (Ref. 27547). Inhabits open water of large rivers (Ref. 86798). Non-spawning adults are found in schools near the surface of continental shelf waters in spring, summer and fall (Ref. 7135); also found in brackish waters (Ref. 4607). Newly hatched larvae are found in rivers during the summer; by autumn they enter the sea and remain there until maturity. Juveniles form schools at 20-30 mm TL and gradually move downstream (Ref. 4639). Feeds on plankton, mainly copepods and mysids, occasionally on small fishes. Feeding ceases during upstream spawning migration and resumes during the downstream post-spawning migration (Ref. 1998). Commercially caught in rivers and estuaries during spawning migration (Ref. 1998). Utilized fresh, salted, or smoked. The roe is esteemed. Eaten pan-fried, broiled, and baked (Ref. 9988). Possibly to 375 m depth (Ref. 6793). Parasites found are nematodes, Acanthocephala, copepods and distomes (Ref. 37032).

Life cycle and mating behavior النضج | التكاثر | وضع البيض | بيض | الخصوبة | Larvae

Some shad spawn immediately on entering fresh water while others may undertake fairly long journeys, as much as 630 km upstream, to their favored spawning grounds (Ref. 4607). Enters rivers as early as November (Florida) and as late as May or June in the north, depending on water temperature (peak runs at about 18.5 °C). Spawning occurs at sundown and continues until after midnight. The fish pair and swim close together, releasing eggs and milt (Ref. 27547). Adults descend shortly after spawning, the young in the autumn. Spawning reported from 8-26°C, generally occurs at 12-21°C (Ref. 38954).

المرجع الرئيسي Upload your references | مراجع | المنظم | المتعاونين

Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

  Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 22 August 2018

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

خطر للأنسان

  Harmless





استخدامات بشرية

مصائد: تجاري; لعبة سمكه: نعم
FAO - مصائد: landings; Publication: search | FishSource | البحر حولنا

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مصادر علي الأنترنت

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 0.5 - 11.5, mean 5.6 °C (based on 113 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00356 - 0.01171), b=3.00 (2.85 - 3.15), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref. 69278):  3.5   ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 5.5 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1 growth studies.
المرونه (Ref. 120179):  منخفض, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 4.5-14 سنة (K=0.14; tm=4.7).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649):  Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
فئة السعر (Ref. 80766):   Low.
Nutrients (Ref. 124155):  Calcium = 19.3 [10.1, 94.6] mg/100g; Iron = 1.41 [0.61, 3.68] mg/100g; Protein = 19.9 [17.4, 22.6] %; Omega3 = 0.77 [0.41, 1.51] g/100g; Selenium = 30.3 [16.6, 55.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 10.2 [2.6, 43.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.412 [0.273, 0.736] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.