分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 礁区鱼类; 非产卵性溯降河的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 84 m (Ref. 13608), usually 1 - 15 m (Ref. 9268). 亞熱帶的; 26°N - 7°N, 97°W - 58°W (Ref. 118624)
Worldwide in warm seas. Hawaiian species have been verified by electrophoretic analysis (Ref. 5577), hence, Albula vulpes might be further split. Eastern Pacific: California, USA to Peru (Ref. 2850). Western Atlantic: North Carolina, USA to Florida, Bahamas, Gulf of Mexico, Antilles and Caribbean to Brazil (Ref. 26938). Northwest Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951). The West African form is Albula goreensis, Valenciennes, 1846.
遍布全球的溫暖海域。 夏威夷種曾經被電泳分析 (參考文獻 5577) 查證,因此, Albula vulpes 可能進一步被分離。 給西非型的下一個有用的名稱是 Albula goreensis ， Valenciennes,1846. 東太平洋: 美國加州到祕魯.(參考文獻 2850) 西大西洋: 美國北卡羅萊那州到佛羅里達，巴哈馬，墨西哥灣，安地列斯群島與加勒比海到巴西.(參考文獻 26938)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 37.5, range 21 - 36 cm
Max length : 104 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 7251); 最大体重: 10.0 kg (Ref. 37955)
背棘 (总数): 0; 背的软条 (总数): 15-19; 臀棘 0; 臀鳍软条: 7 - 9; 脊椎骨: 69 - 74. Branchiostegal rays 12-14 (Ref. 4639). Silvery with dusky fins; base of pectorals yellow (Ref. 3970). Body elongate and fusiform (Ref. 4832). Last ray of dorsal and anal fins not prolonged; head region naked; spot and band absent on head; margin of nasal pore not black (Ref. 13608). Bluntly conical snout extends beyond inferior mouth (Ref. 26938). Pectoral and pelvic axillary scales present; a single long scale on each side of membrane between each ray of dorsal and anal fins (Ref. 4832).
鳃条骨 12-14.(参考文献 4639) 银色的有暗色的鳍; 胸鳍基底黄色.(参考文献 3970) 细长的身体与纺锤型.(参考文献 4832) 不被延长的背鳍与臀鳍的最后鳍条; 头部区域裸露的; 斑点与条纹在头部上不存在; 鼻孔的边缘不是黑色的.(参考文献 13608) 钝锥形吻延伸超过下方的嘴。 (参考文献 26938) 胸鳍与腹鳍腋窝的羽翼鳞片呈现; 在背鳍与臀鳍的每个鳍条之间的薄膜的两边上的一个长的鳞片.(参考文献 4832)
Inhabits shallow coastal waters, estuaries and bays, over sand and mud bottoms (Ref. 3237). Often in schools, except large individuals which are solitary (Ref. 7251). Dorsal fin may show above surface (Ref. 42064). More or less pelagic but feeds on benthic worms, crustaceans, and mollusks (Ref. 2850); that are picked from mud and sand bottoms (Ref. 27549). Tolerates oxygen poor water by inhaling air into a lung-like airbladder (Ref. 9710). Flesh is bony and not esteemed (Ref. 9268). One of the most important game fishes worldwide (Ref. 26938).
栖息于沿岸浅水区，河口与海湾，砂与泥底部的上面。 (参考文献 3237) 常形成鱼群, 除了大的个体以外那是独居性.(参考文献 7251) 背鳍可能露出水面。 (参考文献 42064) 约略大洋性的但是吃底栖的蠕虫，甲壳动物与软件动物.(参考文献 2850) 藉由吸入空气进入一个像肺一样的气囊容忍缺氧水。 (参考文献 9710) 肉是多骨的而不是赞赏。 (参考文献 9268) 在全世界的最重要游钓鱼类之一.(参考文献 26938)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Spawning occurs in open waters. Eggs are pelagic (Ref. 205).遍布全球的溫暖海域。 夏威夷種曾經被電泳分析 (參考文獻 5577) 查證,因此, Albula vulpes 可能進一步被分離。 給西非型的下一個有用的名稱是 Albula goreensis ， Valenciennes,1846. 東太平洋: 美國加州到祕魯.(參考文獻 2850) 西大西洋: 美國北卡羅萊那州到佛羅里達，巴哈馬，墨西哥灣，安地列斯群島與加勒比海到巴西.(參考文獻 26938)
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1990. Albulidae. p. 122-124. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris, Vol. 1. (Ref. 4447)
人类利用
渔业: 低经济; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 诱饵: usually
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 20.4 - 28.4, mean 27 °C (based on 1501 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5007 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01288 (0.00909 - 0.01825), b=3.00 (2.91 - 3.09), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.3; tm=2; tmax=20).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (66 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 16.1 [8.5, 47.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.503 [0.283, 0.890] mg/100g; Protein = 19.8 [18.7, 20.9] %; Omega3 = 0.258 [0.146, 0.453] g/100g; Selenium = 21 [11, 40] μg/100g; VitaminA = 23.8 [7.7, 79.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.641 [0.446, 0.942] mg/100g (wet weight);
