分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 深度上下限 0 - 100 m (Ref. 12951). 亞熱帶的; 38°N - 34°S
Circumglobal in tropical seas. Indian Ocean: off South Africa, Bay of Bengal, and probably Indonesia (Ref. 9911). Eastern Central Pacific: From Gulf of California to Chile (Ref. 130539).
可能 circumtropical 但是分佈離散。 東大西洋: 塞內加爾外海與象牙海岸。 印度洋: 南非外海，孟加拉灣, 與可能印尼.(參考文獻 9911) 西太平洋: 泰國灣 (參考文獻 9911) 與澳洲東北方.(參考文獻 6871) 東太平洋: 美國的南加州到哥斯大黎加 (參考文獻 2850), 包括特萬特佩克地灣.(參考文獻 9911) 記錄來自智利了。 (參考文獻 9068) 可能地 = Mobula eregoodoo(Cantor,1849).(參考文獻 35766)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 163.6, range 146 - ? cm
Max length : 220 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 2850); common length : 150 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9256)
簡短描述
型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
A moderate-sized devilray with a short head bearing short head fins; dorsal fin white-tipped, and pectoral fins with swept-back tips and a prominent double bend to the front margins; upper disc sparsely covered with small, blunt denticles and tail shorter than disc, with no spine (Ref. 5578). Dark blue to black above; white below, with silvery pectoral fin tips (Ref. 5578). No caudal fin (Ref. 5578).
一個中等大小的魔鬼魟具有一個生長著短的頭鰭的短的頭部; 背鰭尖端白色的, 而且胸鰭有橫過背面的頂端與一個突出的兩個彎曲到前緣; 上體盤稀疏地覆蓋著小又鈍的細齒了而且尾部短於體盤, 沒有棘.(參考文獻 5578) 背面深藍色到黑色的; 腹面白色的, 有銀色的胸鰭頂端.(參考文獻 5578) 沒有尾鰭.(參考文獻 5578)
Occurs in coastal and oceanic waters, but more common near the coast (Ref. 9256). Found singly or in small groups (Ref. 12951). Feeds mainly on planktonic crustaceans (Ref. 12951); mostly small shrimp-like animals (Ref.58048). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Caught occasionally in the tuna gillnet and in harpoon fisheries. Utilized for its gill filter plates (high value), meat, cartilage and skin (Ref.58048). Can leap out of the water.
出現於海岸的與大洋性水域, 但是更普遍在海岸的附近.(參考文獻 9256) 各別地或形成小群魚群發現。 (參考文獻 12951) 主要吃浮游性甲殼動物。 (參考文獻 12951) 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 能從水中跳出來。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). With one large offspring per gestation period. Size at birth 65-85 cm (Ref. 6871).可能 circumtropical 但是分佈離散。 東大西洋: 塞內加爾外海與象牙海岸。 印度洋: 南非外海，孟加拉灣, 與可能印尼.(參考文獻 9911) 西太平洋: 泰國灣 (參考文獻 9911) 與澳洲東北方.(參考文獻 6871) 東太平洋: 美國的南加州到哥斯大黎加 (參考文獻 2850), 包括特萬特佩克地灣.(參考文獻 9911) 記錄來自智利了。 (參考文獻 9068) 可能地 = Mobula eregoodoo(Cantor,1849).(參考文獻 35766)
Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens, 1994. Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref. 6871)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
瀕危 (EN) (A2bd+3d); Date assessed: 09 November 2018
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 21.6 - 29.1, mean 27.8 °C (based on 2652 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.30 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (Fec=1).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (85 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 7.99 [1.05, 135.60] mg/100g; Iron = 0.83 [0.08, 10.24] mg/100g; Protein = 20.6 [15.3, 25.9] %; Omega3 = 0.157 [0.047, 0.501] g/100g; Selenium = 22.8 [4.7, 120.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 4.56 [0.35, 57.84] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.483 [0.030, 5.484] mg/100g (wet weight);
