Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
laut dasar (demersal); kisaran kedalaman 50 - 854 m (Ref. 52581). Subtropical; 28°S - 50°S, 180°W - 180°E
Circumglobal in southern waters: (Ref. 7300): South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Kermadec I., Desventuradas Is., Juan Fernandez Is., Chile, north to southern Brazil, Tristan da Cunha.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm 88.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 160 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 89467); common length : 100.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 9258); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 100.0 kg (Ref. 4537); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 60 Tahun (Ref. 41439)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)): 9 - 12; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)): 12; Duri dubur 3; Sirip dubur lunak: 7 - 9
A deepwater species, occurs in seamounts (Ref. 89357). Adults occur generally over rough ground from the central shelf (about 100 m) to the shelf edge and down to the upper slope. Juveniles are found in surface waters, perhaps school in association with drifting weed. Feed on barracouta and pilchards, in addition to various bottom-dwelling fish. Are primary gonochorists (Ref. 58421). Preyed upon by sperm whales (Ref. 9072). It is taken by droplining down to 400 m, and is sometimes seen in the trawled catch. Utilized fresh and frozen; can be steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). Severely overfished (Ref. 89357).
Are primary gonochorists (Ref. 58421).
Paxton, J.R., D.F. Hoese, G.R. Allen and J.E. Hanley, 1989. Pisces. Petromyzontidae to Carangidae. Zoological Catalogue of Australia, Vol. 7. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 665 p. (Ref. 7300)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435)
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: komersial; Ikan buruan: ya
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 8.6 - 16, mean 11.7 °C (based on 143 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.8125 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01072 (0.00765 - 0.01500), b=2.99 (2.89 - 3.09), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.77 se; based on food items.
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): sangat rendah, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum lebih dari 14 tahun (tm=10-13; tmax=60).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (59 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (70 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 34 [20, 61] mg/100g; Iron = 0.904 [0.538, 1.528] mg/100g; Protein = 21 [20, 22] %; Omega3 = 0.563 [0.318, 1.046] g/100g; Selenium = 55.6 [29.6, 108.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.09 [3.16, 24.94] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.368 [0.267, 0.532] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
