分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 淡水; 半咸淡水 居于水底的; 降海洄游 (Ref. 51243). 溫帶; 60°N - 32°N
North America: Pacific slope drainages from Seward, Alaska to Ventura River, California, USA; also east of Continental Divide in upper Peace River in British Columbia, Canada. Exhibits coastal and inland forms that are genetically distinct (Ref. 27547).
北美洲: 來自 Seward ，阿拉斯加到 Ventura 河的太平洋斜坡流域, 美國加州; 也在加拿大卑詩省的和平河上游中的大陸分歧以東。 展現海岸而內陸的表格在遺傳基因上那是明顯的.(參考文獻 27547)
大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 5723); common length : 7.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 12193); 最大年龄: 7 年 (Ref. 28210)
背棘 (总数): 7 - 10; 背的软条 (总数): 18-23; 臀棘 0; 臀鳍软条: 15 - 19; 脊椎骨: 34 - 39. Distinguished by a complete lateral line, a single pore at the tip of the chin, the presence of 15 to 19 anal rays, and well developed palatine teeth (Ref. 27547). Pectorals large and fan-shaped; caudal truncate or slightly rounded (Ref. 27547). Dark brown, olive or gray above and on sides, whitish yellow to white below; usually three dark irregular blotches or bars below soft dorsal; vague irregular dark mark on sides; fins (except anal) have dark bars, the first dorsal with a dark spot towards the rear (Ref. 27547). Both sexes show an orange band on the edge of the first dorsal fin at spawning time (Ref. 27547). The inland form is generally more densely prickled over a larger portion of the body while the coastal form shows a reduced number of prickles (Ref. 28211).
区别的特徵为侧线完整了, 在下巴的顶端的一个孔, 那有 15 到 19个臀鳍鳍条 , 与发展良好的颚齿.(参考文献 27547) 胸鳍大而扇形的; 尾部的截形或略圆的.(参考文献 27547) 深褐色的，橄榄色或上面灰色的与在侧边上, 白黄色的到腹面白色的; 通常三个深色的不规则的斑块或横带在软的之下背部的; 在侧边上的模糊的不规则的深色印记; 鳍 (除了肛门的之外) 有深色的横带, 第一背鳍具有一个对于后面的深色斑点。 (参考文献 27547) 两性在繁殖期的第一背鳍的边缘上显示一条橘色的条纹。 (参考文献 27547) 内陆的形式在身体的较大的部分之上是通常较厚密地刺，然而海岸的形式显示一个刺的少数量。 (参考文献 28211)
There appears to be two genetically distinct forms (Ref. 27547), an inland form found in sandy and rocky shores of lakes, and a coastal form usually found over sand in quiet runs of small to medium rivers; sometimes in salt water near river mouths (Ref. 2850). The coastal form moves into brackish estuaries to spawn (Ref. 27547). Oviparous with demersal, adhesive eggs and pelagic larvae (Ref. 265). Feed mainly on aquatic insect larvae and bottom invertebrates (Ref. 1998). Too small to be used as food and too difficult to capture in large numbers to be used for anything else (Ref. 27547) but large individuals are reported to be excellent eating as well as good bait fishes (Ref. 2850).
在哪里状似二在遗传基因上发现于湖的沙岸与岩岸 , 与通常在安静的小型到中型的河的小支流中被发现在沙子上面的一个海岸的形式的明显不同的造型 (参考文献 27547) 一个内陆的形式; 有时在河口附近的咸水中.(参考文献 2850) 海岸的形式移入半咸淡的河口产卵。 (参考文献 27547) 卵生的，底栖，聚集在一起的卵与大洋性的仔鱼。 (参考文献 265) 主要捕食水生的昆虫幼生与底栖无脊椎动物。 (参考文献 1998) 太小以致不能成为使用了当作食物与太困难而无法在大的数量中捕获被用来别的东西 (参考文献 27547) 但是大的个体被报告是很好吃以及好诱饵鱼.(参考文献 2850)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Prior to breeding, males move downstream and select a nesting site under boulders or flat rocks. Females aggregate some distance upstream and move down singly to the spawning area. Courtship behavior occurs outside the nest until a female is selected. The pair enter the nesting site, courting continues until eggs are deposited and fertilized. The female then leaves the nest and goes back upstream to feed, while the male spawns with other females or fans and guards the eggs. The male does not feed until the eggs have hatched, moving upstream only in the late summer (Ref. 1998, 27547). During the planktonic stage, larvae of the freshwater nonanadromous form in lakes show distinct diurnal vertical migrations, being most abundant at the surface during the darkest hours of the night. They apparently stay deep in the water during the day and on bright moonlight nights (Ref. 28920). Metamorphosis is complete by the end of the planktonic period and the young take up a demersal mode of life. The young coastal form may move upstream during the fall, although the young may remain in the estuary for a full year (Ref. 27547).北美洲: 來自 Seward ，阿拉斯加到 Ventura 河的太平洋斜坡流域, 美國加州; 也在加拿大卑詩省的和平河上游中的大陸分歧以東。 展現海岸而內陸的表格在遺傳基因上那是明顯的.(參考文獻 27547)
Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p. (Ref. 5723)
人类利用
水族馆: 公众的水族馆; 诱饵: occasionally
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00676 (0.00300 - 0.01523), b=3.17 (2.98 - 3.36), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.2 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tmax=7; Fec=280).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (20 of 100).
