分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Mulliformes (Goatfishes)
鱸形目 (Goatfishes) >
Mullidae (Goatfishes)
鬚鯛科 (Goatfishes)
Etymology: Upeneus: Greek, ypene, -es = upper lip (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Cuvier.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 10 - 90 m (Ref. 12260), usually 20 - 60 m (Ref. 114285). 熱帶; 36°N - 28°S, 33°E - 180°E
Indo-West Pacific: East Africa to southeast Asia, north to China, south to northern Australia and Fiji (Ref. 12743).
印度-西太平洋: 非洲到東南亞東部,向北至中國的海岸而且向南至澳洲的北海岸。 也記錄自新加勒多尼亞 (參考文獻 5525) 與斐濟。 (參考文獻 12743)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 9.9, range 9 - 10.3 cm
Max length : 23.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 30573); common length : 20.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5450)
背棘 (總數): 8; 背的軟條 (總數): 9; 臀棘 1; 臀鰭軟條: 7. This species is distinguished by the following characters: D VIII,9; pectoral fins 15-16; gill rakers 7-8 + 19-21 = 27-28; lateral line scales 34-37; body depth at first dorsal-fin origin 29-33% SL and at anus 25-27% SL; caudal-peduncle depth 11-12% SL; maximum head depth 23-25% SL; head depth through eye 18-20% SL; head length 29-30%SL; orbit length 7.4-8.7% SL; upper jaw length 11-13% SL; barbel length 17-21% SL; caudal-fin length 27-30% SL; anal-fin height 16-18% SL; pelvic-fin length 20-22% SL; pectoral-fin length 24-26% SL; first dorsal-fin height 23-26% SL; second dorsal-fin height 17-18% SL; no bars on caudal-fin lobes; yellowish lower lobe base, grey on upper lobe (some of the caudal-fin lobe pigmentation retained when preserved, including inner margin of fin lobes); 2 yellow body stripes, 1 mid-lateral body from operculum to caudal-fin base (both faintly retained in preserved fish); white barbels; body dorsally pale brown and ventrally white (pale brown with some reddish or darker brown area at mid-body in preserved fish) (Ref. 82903).
中等細長身體的中等大小魚。 頭部小的; 嘴小與些微斜; 在下巴下面的一對觸鬚。 背鰭具有 2 到 3條橄欖色橫帶 , 與黑色或深褐色的頂端; 臀鰭、腹鰭、與胸鰭灰白的; 尾鰭單色的暗黃色, 它的後緣暗色的, 它的下葉末端白色的。 二條橘黃色的條紋對尾梗延伸從頭部。
Found in coastal waters, entering estuaries (Ref. 30573). Sandy-muddy bottom (Ref. 43239). Forms schools (Ref. 5213). Has appearance of sillaginids when schooling (Ref. 48636).
發現於沿岸水域了, 進入河口。 (參考文獻 30573) 形成魚群。 (參考文獻 5213) 當群游，有沙鮻的外表。 (參考文獻 48636)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
印度-西太平洋: 非洲到東南亞東部,向北至中國的海岸而且向南至澳洲的北海岸。 也記錄自新加勒多尼亞 (參考文獻 5525) 與斐濟。 (參考文獻 12743)
Kumaran, M. and J.E. Randall, 1984. Mullidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean fishing area 51. Vol. 3. (Ref. 3470)
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.3 - 29.1, mean 28 °C (based on 1552 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01047 (0.00881 - 0.01244), b=3.10 (3.07 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 1.1 (0.9 - 1.4) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 21
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.5-1.3; tmax=4.6).
Prior r = 0.52, 95% CL = 0.35 - 0.79, Based on 1 stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (15 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 233 [126, 477] mg/100g; Iron = 1.33 [0.62, 2.35] mg/100g; Protein = 17.4 [15.4, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 0.302 [0.178, 0.562] g/100g; Selenium = 58.1 [32.3, 117.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 17.5 [6.6, 50.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.66 [1.06, 2.32] mg/100g (wet weight);
