Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
laut berasosiasi dengan karang; kisaran kedalaman 0 - 80 m (Ref. 86942). Tropical; 35°N - 31°S, 30°E - 77°W
Indo-Pacific: from Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, north to Mie Prefecture, Japan and east to southwestern coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico and Gulf of California to Ecuador (Ref. 9283).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm 32.5 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 120 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 11441); common length : 75.0 cm FL jantan/; (Ref. 9283); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 15.0 kg (Ref. 30874)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)): 8; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)): 18-20; Duri dubur 3; Sirip dubur lunak: 15 - 17.
Adults occur in deep lagoon and seaward reefs where they feed by rooting for crustaceans and fossorial invertebrates in the sand but they also feed on small fishes (Ref. 9710, 90102). Small juveniles live among the tentacles of jellyfish (Ref. 9710). Adults form schools and are also noted for their behavior to closely swim around sharks and other large fishes, and also follow divers (Ref. 10361). Juveniles particularly display this piloting behavior to gain protection from likely predators (Ref. 9710, 90102). Marketed fresh and salted or dried (Ref. 9283). Juveniles are used in the aquarium trade. Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 128797.
Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1995. Carangidae. Jureles, pámpanos, cojinúas, zapateros, cocineros, casabes, macarelas, chicharros, jorobados, medregales, pez pilota. p. 940-986. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9283)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435)
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: nilai komersial kecil; Budidaya air: komersial; Ikan buruan: ya; Akuarium: Komersial
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01349 (0.01195 - 0.01522), b=2.96 (2.93 - 2.99), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.52 se; based on food items.
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (K=0.14-0.53).
Prior r = 0.57, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.85, Based on 1 stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (86 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 38.3 [19.7, 67.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.714 [0.413, 1.278] mg/100g; Protein = 20.1 [19.0, 21.2] %; Omega3 = 0.14 [0.09, 0.22] g/100g; Selenium = 51.7 [30.8, 93.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 25.8 [9.1, 68.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.751 [0.538, 1.061] mg/100g (wet weight);
