分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Issue
Leuciscus orientalis Nordmann, 1840 is considered valid in Eschmeyer (CofF ver. May 2011: Ref. 86870). This is allocated to Squalius in Ref. 84537, a valid name, but secondary homonym Squalius orientalis Heckel, 1847 needs a replacement name.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
; 淡水; 半咸淡水 底中水层性; pH range: 6.0 - 7.8; dH range: 8 - 25; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - ? m. 溫帶; 4°C - 20°C (Ref. 2059); 64°N - 35°N, 10°W - 60°E
Eurasia: North, Baltic, northern Black, White, Barents and Caspian Sea basins, Atlatinc basins southward to Adour drainages (France), Great Britain north to 56°C, Scandinavia: southern Finland, Sweden north to abut Stockholm. Mediterranean basin from Var to Hérault (possibly Aude) (France) drainages. Introduced elsewhere, Naturally absent from Italy and Adriatic basin.
歐亞大陸: 在從窩瓦河與烏拉河到伊朗的里海流域的西方與底格里斯河-幼發拉底河流域, 廣泛分佈於北海的流域，波羅的海，黑海與亞速海。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 25.0, range 7 - 30 cm
Max length : 60.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 59043); common length : 30.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 556); 最大体重: 8.0 kg (Ref. 2196); 最大年龄: 22 年 (Ref. 41616)
背棘 (总数): 3; 背的软条 (总数): 7-9; 臀棘 3; 臀鳍软条: 7 - 10; 脊椎骨: 42 - 48. Differs from its congeners in France, North, Baltic, Arctic, Black and Caspian Sea basins by the possession of the following characters: dorsal profile with a well-marked discontinuity between head and trunk; a row of black pigments along free margin of each flank scale, forming a regular reticulate pattern, with no or very few pigments on central part of scales; anal and pelvic fins orange to red; dorsal fin with 8½ branched rays; anal fin with 8½ branched rays (rarely 9½); scales on lateral line 40-45 + 2-3; mouth terminal, with well marked chin; lower jaw tip not included in the upper lip; interorbital distance 37-42% HL; postorbital distance 47-51% HL; eye diameter 17-22% HL, 1.5-2.3 times in snout length; body depth 22-27% SL; lower jaw long, length greater than depth of operculum; iris whitish; pharyngeal teeth 2,5-5,2; in stretched anal fin of individuals larger than about 15 cm SL, distance between tips of first and last branched rays usually greater than caudal peduncle depth (Ref. 59043). Caudal fin with 19 rays (Ref. 2196).
尾鳍有 19个鳍条。 (参考文献 2196)
Most abundant in small rivers and large streams of barbel zone with riffles and pools. Found along shores of slow-flowing lowland rivers, even in very small mountain streams, and in large lake, undertaking spawning migration to inflowing streams. Adults are solitary while juveniles occur in groups. Feeding larvae and juveniles live in very shallow shoreline habitats. Feed on a wide variety of aquatic and terrestrial animals and plant material. Large individuals prey predominantly on fishes. Breed in fast-flowing water above gravel bottom, rarely among submerged vegetation. Often form fertile hybrids with Alburnus alburnus (Ref. 59043). Popular with amateur sport fishermen. Can be caught with various baits and lures. The flesh is of poor quality (Ref. 38587).
出现于小溪与快速的流动河, 偶见于湖.(参考文献 30578) 在波罗地海东部中进入半淡咸水。 吃藻类, 植物碎屑与已经掉入水中的各种不同的种子。 (参考文献 9696) 也吃蠕虫，软件动物，甲壳动物与各种不同的昆虫幼生; 大的鲦鱼吃小鱼的相当多数量，例如鲦鱼，鳗鱼，条鱼， roach 鱼，白杨鱼与条鱼类; 也青蛙，小龙虾，野鼠类与水鸟幼体.(参考文献 6258) 淡黄色的卵被发现在流动的水依附于砾石，杂草与石头。 (参考文献 41678) 受到业余钓客的欢迎。 能被用各种不同的诱饵与饵捕获。 肉是有不好不坏品质的。 (参考文献 38587)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Spawning occurs in fast-flowing water above gravel bottom, rarely among submerged vegetation. Female spawn more than once during a season, individual females spawn with several males. Males assemble at spawning site and follow ripe females, often with much splashing, to shallow riffles. Females lays sticky eggs into the gravel (Ref. 59043). Pale yellow eggs are found attached to gravel, weed and stones in flowing water (Ref. 41678).歐亞大陸: 在從窩瓦河與烏拉河到伊朗的里海流域的西方與底格里斯河-幼發拉底河流域, 廣泛分佈於北海的流域，波羅的海，黑海與亞速海。
Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. (Ref. 59043)
人类利用
渔业: 低经济; 游钓鱼种: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00724 (0.00657 - 0.00799), b=3.13 (3.10 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 2.7 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.12-0.28; tm=3-7; tmax=10; Fec=20,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (61 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 61.4 [32.2, 102.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.525 [0.185, 1.180] mg/100g; Protein = 18.8 [17.4, 20.1] %; Omega3 = 0.633 [0.336, 1.237] g/100g; Selenium = 11.5 [6.0, 22.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20.6 [8.6, 52.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.56 [0.33, 1.18] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
