分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 底中水层性; 深度上下限 20 - 220 m (Ref. 2683). 亞熱帶的; 46°N - 17°S, 23°W - 37°E
Eastern Atlantic: Portugal to Angola (Ref. 4781); also in the Mediterranean and around the Canary and São Tomé-Principe islands.
東大西洋: 葡萄牙到安哥拉;(參考文獻 4781) 也在地中海中與加那利群島與聖多美-普林西比島的島周圍。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 34.7 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 106 cm FL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 40637); common length : 60.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3688); 最大体重: 16.4 kg (Ref. )
Occur on the shelf on rocky and rubble bottoms, as well as on sand around rocks. The young are close to shore while the adults occur offshore in the vicinity of the continental slope. Feed mainly on crustaceans, fish and cephalopods (Ref. 4781). Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 27000. Maximum published weight 15 kg (Ref. 5377) and reported 16.42 kg (Miguel Cañizares (pers.comm. 7/2019).
生活于大陆架岩石的之上与岩石的周围碎石底部 , 以及沙子。 幼鱼是接近海岸然而成鱼在邻近大陆斜坡出现外海。 主要吃甲壳动物，鱼与头足类动物。 (参考文献 4781) 最小深度报告取自参考文献 27000.
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
The majority (50-70%) are males up to 50 cm length, transforming into females thereafter (Ref. 4781). Also Ref. 28504.東大西洋: 葡萄牙到安哥拉;(參考文獻 4781) 也在地中海中與加那利群島與聖多美-普林西比島的島周圍。
Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990. Sparidae. p. 790-812. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3688)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13 - 19.3, mean 15.5 °C (based on 193 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01072 (0.00915 - 0.01255), b=3.03 (3.00 - 3.06), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.1 ±0.59 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.12-0.19; tmax=7).
Prior r = 0.49, 95% CL = 0.32 - 0.73, Based on 2 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 31.8 [17.2, 58.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.687 [0.384, 1.179] mg/100g; Protein = 19.7 [18.1, 21.1] %; Omega3 = 0.403 [0.260, 0.618] g/100g; Selenium = 40 [19, 76] μg/100g; VitaminA = 13 [4, 43] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.576 [0.407, 0.831] mg/100g (wet weight);
