分類 / Names
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Teleostei >
Tetraodontiformes (Puffers and filefishes)
魨形目 (Puffers and filefishes) >
Diodontidae (Porcupinefishes (burrfishes))
二齒魨科 (Porcupinefishes (burrfishes))
Etymology: Diodon: Greek, di = two + Greek, odous = teeth (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 礁區魚類; 深度上下限 2 - 200 m (Ref. 5951), usually 2 - 35 m (Ref. 40849). 亞熱帶的; 37°N - 39°S, 8°E - 55°W (Ref. 55210)
Circumtropical in distribution. Western Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951), Florida, USA and the Bahamas to Brazil (Ref. 7251). Eastern Atlantic: 30°N to 23°S (Ref. 6951); also South Africa (Ref. 4423). Western Indian Ocean: southern Red Sea to Madagascar, Reunion and Mauritius (Ref. 53568). Pacific Ocean: southern Japan south to Lord Howe Island and east to the Hawaiian and Easter islands (Ref. 37816). Also from southern California, USA to Colombia (Ref. 11482) and the Galapagos Islands (Ref. 5227).
分布在環熱帶。 西大西洋: 加拿大 (參考文獻 5951) ，美國的佛羅里達與巴哈馬到巴西.(參考文獻 7251) 東大西洋: 30個 ° N 到 23個 °S;(參考文獻 6951) 也南非.(參考文獻 4423) 西印度洋: 紅海到馬達加斯加南部，留尼旺島與模里西斯.(參考文獻 53568) 太平洋: 日本南部南至羅得豪島而且東至夏威夷與復活島。 (參考文獻 37816) 也從美國的南加州到哥倫比亞 (參考文獻 11482) 與加拉巴哥群島.(參考文獻 5227)
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 50.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 7251); common length : 15.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 55763)
背棘 (總數): 0; 背的軟條 (總數): 13-15; 臀棘 0; 臀鰭軟條: 13 - 15. Pelagic juveniles with spots, particularly prominent on belly; adults with dark blotches across back and spots between the blotches; fins without spots (Ref. 4423). 14 to 16 spines in an approximate row between snout and origin of dorsal fin; with a large brown bar above and below each eye; a broad transverse brown bar on occipital region of head (Ref. 13442).
大洋性稚魚有斑點, 特別地突出的在腹面上; 橫過成魚有黑色斑塊在斑塊之間的背面與斑點; 沒有斑點的鰭.(參考文獻 4423) 在吻與背鰭起點之間的大約列中的 14 到 16根棘; 具有一個大的褐色橫帶在每個眼睛的上面與下面; 在頭部的枕區上的一條寬的橫跨褐色橫帶.(參考文獻 13442)
Inhabit shallow reefs to open, soft bottoms. Also in areas with rocky substrata. Sometimes form groups (Ref. 9710, 48637). Occur on open muddy substrates as well as on rich soft-bottom and coral reefs. Juveniles often with floating Sargassum rafts. Young and sub-adults may form small groups (Ref. 48637). Benthopelagic (Ref. 58302). Juveniles pelagic to about 6-9 cm. Solitary. Feed on mollusks, sea urchins, hermit crabs, and crabs at night (Ref. 9680). Relatively poor swimmers (Ref. 9710). Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166). Captured at the surface using a hand net (Ref. 26165).
棲息於淺水礁區到開放的, 軟質底部。 也在有岩石底層的區域中。 有時形式聚集。 (參考文獻 9710,48637) 生存在開放的泥質底部上面以及營養豐富的軟質底部與珊瑚礁。 稚魚時常以漂浮 馬尾藻 筏。 幼魚與亞成魚可能形成小群魚群。 (參考文獻 48637) 稚魚大洋性到大約 6-9 公分。 獨居性。 捕食軟體動物，海膽，寄居蟹與螃蟹在晚上。 (參考文獻 9680) 一位相當不佳的游泳者.(參考文獻 9710) 被用於中藥材.。 (參考文獻 12166) 捕獲在水表面使用一個手抄網。 (參考文獻 26165)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
分布在環熱帶。 西大西洋: 加拿大 (參考文獻 5951) ，美國的佛羅里達與巴哈馬到巴西.(參考文獻 7251) 東大西洋: 30個 ° N 到 23個 °S;(參考文獻 6951) 也南非.(參考文獻 4423) 西印度洋: 紅海到馬達加斯加南部，留尼旺島與模里西斯.(參考文獻 53568) 太平洋: 日本南部南至羅得豪島而且東至夏威夷與復活島。 (參考文獻 37816) 也從美國的南加州到哥倫比亞 (參考文獻 11482) 與加拉巴哥群島.(參考文獻 5227)
Leis, J.M., 1984. Diodontidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean fishing area 51. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3393)
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 21.5 - 29, mean 27.3 °C (based on 2666 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5313 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.05888 (0.02847 - 0.12178), b=2.80 (2.61 - 2.99), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.9 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 2.1 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (27 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 20.4 [7.6, 77.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.566 [0.268, 1.420] mg/100g; Protein = 19.3 [17.1, 21.5] %; Omega3 = 0.201 [0.104, 0.390] g/100g; Selenium = 24.7 [10.4, 57.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 22.8 [5.5, 106.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.535 [0.334, 0.862] mg/100g (wet weight);
