分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
; 淡水 底中水层性; 河川洄游 (Ref. 59043). 溫帶; 6°C - 18°C (Ref. 2059); 50°N - 44°N, 8°E - 21°E
Europe: Danube drainage. Introduced into other European river basins when their numbers declined due to ecological changes in the Danube.
歐洲: 多瑙河流域的河。 當消退的他們的數字在多瑙河中由於生態學的改變時候，引入其他的歐洲河流域中了。 伯恩公約的附錄 3(受保育的動物群).
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 150 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 11243); common length : 70.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 682); 最大体重: 52.0 kg (Ref. 719); 最大年龄: 20 年 (Ref. 59043)
简单描述
型态特徵 | 形态测量图
背棘 (总数): 3 - 5; 背的软条 (总数): 8-14; 臀棘 3-5; 臀鳍软条: 7 - 14; 脊椎骨: 66 - 72. Distinguished from other species of Salmonidae in central and eastern Europe by the following combination of characters: lateral line with 180-200 scales; no red spots and white fin margins; head dorsally flattened and long ( 22-24% SL); body roundish; caudal fin deeply emarginate; large size (in undisturbed areas); usually 13-19 gill rakers (Ref. 59043).
也参考文献 2196.
Usually solitary, inhabits deeper regions of swift flowing streams with oxygen rich waters. Adults are territorial but not solitary (Ref. 26170). Carnivore. Juveniles feed mainly on invertebrates and adults mostly on fishes, but also prey on amphibians, reptiles, small mammals and waterfowl (Ref. 26170). Important sport fish with minimum size of catch from 50-55 cm. Transplantations of young artificially incubated and reared fish have not been successful. Depletion of stocks due to overexploitation, industrial pollution, waterway redirection and badly designed or non-existent fish ladders in dams and reservoirs. Territorial, but migrates short distances upstream for spawning (Ref. 556). Reported to be one of the biggest freshwater fishes of the world, reaching a length of over 2 m and weight of over 100 kg (Ref. 26170); which is probably erroneous (A. Mangold, pers. comm.).
通常独居性的, 居住于迅急流动的溪流的较深的区域且含氧量高的水域。 成鱼是具有领域性但是不是独居性.(参考文献 26170) 食肉动物。 稚鱼主要捕食无脊椎动物而且成鱼主要捕食鱼, 也捕食两栖动物，爬虫类，小的哺乳动物与水鸟.(参考文献 26170) 重要的垂钓用鱼最少有来自 50-55 公分的捕捉的大小。 人工地被孵化而且后面鱼的幼鱼的移植不是成功的。 族群品系消耗在水坝与水库由于过渔，工业污染，水路变更与设计不良或非存在的鱼梯。 领域性, 但是短距离向上游移动进行产卵.(参考文献 556) 报告是被达到超过 2 公尺与超过 100 公斤的重量长度的世界的最大淡水鱼之一;(参考文献 26170) 是可能错误 (A. Mangold ， pers. comm.)。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Sexually mature fish migrate upstream into smaller and shallower (0.3-1.5 m deep) streams (Ref. 26170), usually in upper reaches of tributaries (Ref. 59043). Males arrive first at spawning sites. Males defend females against other individuals. Spawning usually occurs during daytime (Ref. 59043). Spawns on gravelly bottom where female makes a shallow hole where the eggs are laid and covered with gravel (Ref. 682). Both sexes covered the eggs with substrate. They both defend the spawning site up to 2 weeks after spawning. Eggs usually hatch after 25-40 days. Larvae stay in gravel until yolk sac is absorbed after 8-14 days (Ref. 59043). Young remain near spawning area feeding on bottom fauna. Spawns with snow melt, in shallow water in Danube or affluents (Ref. 682).歐洲: 多瑙河流域的河。 當消退的他們的數字在多瑙河中由於生態學的改變時候，引入其他的歐洲河流域中了。 伯恩公約的附錄 3(受保育的動物群).
Kottelat, M., 1997. European freshwater fishes. An heuristic checklist of the freshwater fishes of Europe (exclusive of former USSR), with an introduction for non-systematists and comments on nomenclature and conservation. Biologia, Bratislava, 52/Suppl. 5:1-271. (Ref. 13696)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)
濒危 (EN) (B2ab(ii,iii)); Date assessed: 01 January 2008
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 养殖: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01230 (0.00732 - 0.02067), b=3.01 (2.86 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.74 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 11.0 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (tm=5; tmax=20).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (68 of 100).
