Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
экология
морской; солоноватоводный ассоциированный с рифами; пределы глубины 2 - 80 m (Ref. 1602). Tropical; 34°N - 34°S, 27°E - 124°W
Indo-Pacific: Red Sea to East Africa eastward through northern Australia reaching Tuamotu Islands, north to southern Japan.
Size / Вес / Возраст
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL самец/пол неопределен; (Ref. 9770)
колючие лучи спинного плавника (общее число): 3; членистые (мягкие) лучи спинного плавника (общее число): 24-27; колючие лучи анального плавника 0; членистые (мягкие) лучи анального плавника: 22 - 25. Scales relatively large (Ref. 9002).
Inhabits coastal to inner reefs and estuaries, often in silty habitats (Ref. 48637). Found on lagoon slope and floor (Ref. 30573), also coral reefs. Generally solitary or in pairs (Ref. 4420). Young form small aggregations when common while adults are usually seen solitary, except when nesting and males congregate on certain sand flats adjacent to reefs (Ref. 48637). Feeds on tips of coral branches, gastropods, crustaceans, foraminiferans, and tunicates (Ref. 1602) and also on sea urchins (Ref. 9770). Oviparous (Ref. 205). Nest-guarding females are aggressive (Ref. 9770). Also caught with drive-in nets. Marketed fresh and dried-salted (Ref. 9770). Ciguatoxic in certain areas (Ref. 37816). Maximum depth reported taken from Ref. 128797.
Life cycle and mating behavior
половая зрелость | размножение | нерест | икра | Fecundity | личинки
Males migrate to a traditional spawning ground where they establish territories enclosing nest sites and egg chambers (Ref. 9777). Nesting occurs in sand-bottomed channels and shallow cuts through the barrier reef (Ref. 9778, 37816). The nest consist of depressions up to 2 m wide and 0.7 m deep (Ref. 9778, 37816). Females arrive several days later and select a male for mating (Ref. 9777). Exhibit biparental care (Ref. 9777). Up to 430,000 or more eggs may be deposited in a spongy fist-sized cluster weighted down with pieces of rubble (Ref. 9778, 37816). Males establish a territory for spawning and parental care but not for feeding (Ref. 116451). Only females tend the eggs but both parents keep guard (Ref. 116451).
Myers, R.F., 1991. Micronesian reef fishes. Second Ed. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 298 p. (Ref. 1602)
Статус Красного Списка МСОП (Ref. 130435)
Угроза для людей
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 1602)
Использование человеком
рыболовство: коммерческий; аквариум: коммерческий
дополнительная информация
ссылкиаквакультура (рыбоводство)особенности рыбоводствастепень растяжениягенетикаElectrophoresesнаследуемостьболезниобработкаNutrientsMass conversion
соавторыизображенияStamps, Coins Misc.звукиCiguateraскоростьтип плаванияжаберная областьOtolithsмозгзрение
инструменты
Специальные отчеты
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ресурсы в Интернет
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.7 - 29, mean 27.8 °C (based on 976 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.02570 (0.01232 - 0.05364), b=2.94 (2.77 - 3.11), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 2.8 ±0.26 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 2.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
устойчивость к внешним воздействиям (Ref.
120179): высокий, минимальное время удвоения популяции до 15 месяцев (K=0.49; Fec=430,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 35.3 [15.1, 84.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.604 [0.319, 1.321] mg/100g; Protein = 18.7 [16.6, 20.9] %; Omega3 = 0.11 [0.05, 0.22] g/100g; Selenium = 42.7 [20.7, 96.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 26.4 [6.7, 99.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.13 [0.75, 1.74] mg/100g (wet weight);
