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> Osmeriformes (Freshwater smelts) > Retropinnidae (New Zealand smelts) > Prototroctinae
Etymology: Prototroctes: Greek, pro = first, in front of + Greek, troktos, -e, -on = edible (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Günther.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ekologi

marina; sötvatten; brackvatten bottenlevande; amfidrom (Ref. 46888). Temperate; 10°C - 25°C (Ref. 2060); 34°S - 45°S

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Oceania: coastal drainages of southeastern Australia from the Grose River near Sydney southward and westward to the eastern part of South Australia, including Tasmania and King Island in Bass Strait.

Size / Vikt / Age

Maturity: L_m ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 33.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 5259); common length : 18.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 5259); rapporterad maxålder: 6 år (Ref. 5259)

Adults inhabit creeks and rivers, usually in cool, clear waters over gravel bottoms in sections alternating between pools and rapids. Usually found in clear, moderate to fast-flowing water in the upper reaches of rivers (sometimes to altitudes above 1000 meters). Often forming aggregations below barriers to upstream movement. Timid species that forms fast-moving shoals (Ref. 44894). Often form large schools especially prior to spawning. Feed on small crustaceans, insects and their larvae and algae. The intestinal tract is long, s specialization to assist in the breakdown of ingested plant material (Ref. 44894). Spawn: Feb.-May; 25,000-68,000 eggs which sink to bottom downstream of spawning site. Hatching: 10-20 days; larvae, 6-7 mm TL, swept downstream to estuaries and the sea, return to freshwater after 6 months.

Life cycle and mating behavior Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Ägg | Fecundity | Larver

Main reference Upload your references | referenser | Koordinator : McDowall, Robert M. | Medarbetare

Allen, G.R., 1989. Freshwater fishes of Australia. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Neptune City, New Jersey. (Ref. 5259)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

Sårbar, se IUCNs rödlista (VU) (B2b(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv)); Date assessed: 12 February 2019

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

Fiskeri: kommersiell; sportfisk: ja

FAO - Publication: search | FishSource |

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Estimates based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.7656 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00372 (0.00150 - 0.00920), b=3.14 (2.92 - 3.36), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245).

Trofisk nivå (Ref. 69278): 2.8 ±0.34 se; based on food items.

Resiliens (Ref. 120179): Hög, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid mindre än 15 månader (K=0.45; tmax=6; Fec=25,000).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Unknown.

Prototroctes maraena Günther, 1864