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> Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > Soleidae (Soles)
Etymology: Solea: Latin, solea = sandal (shoe); refered to the flat shape of the fish (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Kaup.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecologie

marien demersaal; diepte 12 - 100 m (Ref. 5304). Tropical; 47°N - 16°S, 19°W - 14°E

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Eastern Atlantic: Mainly Central Atlantic (from France to Angola). Western Mediterranean: Herculean migrant (entered the Mediterranean via Gibraltar) (Ref. 43448).

Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd

Maturity: L_m ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm SL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 5304); common length : 45.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 26999)

Korte beschrijving Morfologie | Morfometrie

Dorsale stekels (totaal): 0; Dorsale zachte stralen (totaal): 72-95; Anale stekels 0; Anale zachte stralen: 60 - 75; Wervels: 44 - 46. Last ray of dorsal and anal fins joined by a low membrane to the base of the caudal fin. Supratemporal branch of lateral line forming an arch. Anterior nostril on the blind side not enlarged, its diameter about half that of the eye; it is situated rather close to the front margin of head, the distance slightly greater than that separating the nostril from the mouth cleft, 1:1-1.4. Length of scales above nasal tube on ocular side much less than the length of the tube. Gill rakers like short knobs on first gill arch on ocular side. Pectoral fin on the ocular side with a black botch over the whole middle and distal part of the fin; blind side whitish (Ref. 32649).

Flatfish with oval and asymmetric body (eyes on the right side). Interradial membrane on the pectoral fin on the eye side is of black colour(A). This feature distinguishes it from common sole (Solea soled), which has a big black compact spot on the posterior side of this fin. In the Atlantic, from the Gulf of Biscay to the coasts of Senegal. Less frequent in the Western Meditarranean. A predominantly littoral species. Benthonic marine species living in sandy or muddy bottoms, off coastal areas up to 100 m depth and in brackish lakes.Feeds basically on benthonic invertebrate, such as larvae from polychaets and bivalve molluscs. Also on small crustaceans.Sexual maturity is reached when size is 30 cm. Spawning happens beween the months of March until June. Maximum depth reported taken from Ref. 127989.

Levenscyclus en paargedrag Maturiteit | Voortplanting | Paaien | Eieren | Fecunditeit | Larven

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Desoutter, M., 1990. Soleidae. p. 1037-1049. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 5304)

Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435)

Onvoldoende gegevens (DD) ; Date assessed: 15 July 2014

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Gevaar voor de mens

Harmless

Gebruik door de mens

Visserij: commercieel; Aquacultuur: experimenteel

FAO - Aquacultuur: productie; ; Publication: search | FishSource | Sea Around Us

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 13.6 - 21.6, mean 18.6 °C (based on 46 cells).

Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00813 (0.00538 - 0.01227), b=3.05 (2.92 - 3.18), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).

Trofisch niveau (Ref. 69278): 3.3 ±0.45 se; based on food items.

Generation time: 6.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2 growth studies.

Weerstandsvermogen (Ref. 120179): Gemiddeld, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 1,4-4,4 jaar (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (49 of 100).

Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).

Prijsklasse (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Nutrients (Ref. 124155): Calcium = 125 [47, 316] mg/100g; Iron = 0.902 [0.386, 1.792] mg/100g; Protein = 17.3 [15.4, 19.2] %; Omega3 = 0.124 [0.066, 0.233] g/100g; Selenium = 29.6 [10.7, 97.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11.9 [3.4, 40.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.654 [0.349, 1.413] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.

Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858