Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologia
marino; salmastro associati a barriera corallina; oceanodromo (Ref. 51243); distribuzione batimetrica 20 - 200 m (Ref. 36128). Subtropical; 32°N - 35°S, 18°E - 157°E
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to the Philippines, north to southern Japan and Korea, south to northern Australia. Introduced into the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
Length at first maturity / Size / Peso / Age
Maturity: Lm 45.7 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 7050); common length : 60.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 3476); peso massimo pubblicato: 3.5 kg (Ref. 40637)
Spine dorsali (totale): 9 - 10; Raggi dorsali molli (totale): 13; Spine anali 0; Raggi anali molli: 13. Brownish or grayish above, whitish below; caudal fin 2-3 horizontal black stripes (Ref. 4315). Head strongly depressed. Preopercular spines 2, lower usually longest. Vomerine teeth in a single transverse band. Dorsal fin I,VII,I, I,I,VII,I or I,VIII, 13. Anteriormost lateral line scale usually with a small spine or ridge. Diagonal scale rows slanting backward above lateral line 83-107. Iris lappet a single elongated lobe. Identified by the distinctive color pattern on the caudal fin: centrally yellow and black stripes on upper and lower margins (Ref. 48635).
Found on sandy and muddy bottoms of coastal waters (Ref. 5213, 48635). Frequently in estuaries, juveniles have been taken in freshwater. Taken by handlining and seining in shallow waters and by trawling at depths to 30 m, usually less (Ref. 9790). A good food fish (Ref. 4315) that is marketed fresh (Ref. 5284). Commercially cultured in Japan. Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166).
Also Ref. 103751.
Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Poissons osseux. p. 891-1421. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3397)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Pesca: commerciale; Acquacoltura: commerciale; Pesce da pesca sportiva: si
Strumenti
Special reports
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 21.7 - 28.3, mean 26.5 °C (based on 979 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00501 (0.00398 - 0.00631), b=3.05 (2.98 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.
Resilienza (Ref.
120179): Medio, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 1.4 - 4.4 anni (tmax=7).
Prior r = 0.64, 95% CL = 0.42 - 0.96, Based on 1 stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (79 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 43.2 [3.4, 132.2] mg/100g; Iron = 1.21 [0.32, 3.24] mg/100g; Protein = 18.8 [16.5, 21.1] %; Omega3 = 0.211 [0.090, 0.614] g/100g; Selenium = 48.1 [16.2, 149.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 28.9 [8.7, 99.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.763 [0.357, 1.425] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
