Established in all brackish water farms, rivers, swamps and rice fields throughout the country. Introduced in a reservoir in Ambuklao, Mountain Province in 1956, in 1986-1989, they constituted the bulk (66%) of fish production (Ref. 27799). Introduced to Lake Mainit (Ref. 4867, 50320, 13446), Lake Buluan (Ref. 13492), Lake Buhi (Ref. 12217), Lake Lanao (Ref. 13446, 95183) and Lake Naujan (Ref. 13446, 81887). Also reported from Ormoc Bay (Ref. 45205) and San Miguel Bay (Ref. 43275). Museum specimens collected in 1984 from various localities, LRS-84129. Competes with Chanos chanos for food in brackish water farms (Ref. 6096). Caused the near extinction of the local endemic fish Mistichthys luzonensis in Lake Buhi (Ref. 12217). Ranks second in importance to milkfish culture. Cultured in Laguna de Bay (Ref. 13460, 80824); in reservoirs (Ambuklao, Angat, Caliraya, and Binga) (Ref. 13464). Also Ref. 3, 88, 1073, 1739, 5438, 36683.