|
Studholme, A.L., D.B. Packer, P.L. Berrien, D.L. Johnson, C.A. Zetlin and W.W. Morse, 1999
|
|
Berrien, P.L., 1982
|
|
USA |
|
|
| Gulf of Maine and Middle Atlantic Bight (southern contingent) |
| |
|
|
111 |
111 |
111 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 50 %
Ref.:
Berrien, P.L., N.A. Naplin and M.R. Pennington, 1981
|
|
- °C |
|
month/s
|
|
|
|
cm
|
|
|
|
-
Mean: |
Min Ref.:
Max Ref.:
Mean Ref.:
|
| Spawning starts in the south in spring and progressively extends northward during the summer. Most of the spawning takes place within 10 to 30 miles from shore, but never in low salinity estuaries. Large fish are the first to arrive at the spawning sites. |