Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; demersal. Temperate; 67°N - 35°N
Northwest Pacific: inland Sea of Japan and Wakasa Bay, the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Primorskii Krai, east coast of the Korean Peninsula, the Yellow Sea, Gulf of Bo Hai and middle East China Sea.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm 23.5, range 23 - 24 cm
Max length : 50.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 559); common length : 28.5 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 56527); max. published weight: 1.3 kg (Ref. 56527); max. reported age: 15 years (Ref. 56527)
Cooper, J.A. and F. Chapleau, 1998. Monophyly and intrarelationships of the family Pleuronectidae (Pleuronectiformes), with a revised classification. Fish. Bull. 96(4):686-726. (Ref. 30193)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 125652)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: highly commercial
More information
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingNutrientsMass conversion
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 5.2 - 18.3, mean 13.3 °C (based on 36 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00724 (0.00472 - 0.01112), b=3.11 (2.98 - 3.24), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for species & Subfamily-BS (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.1 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Generation time: 6.9 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.2).
Prior r = 0.50, 95% CL = 0.33 - 0.74, Based on 1 stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100) .
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (49 of 100) .
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 31.5 [16.5, 63.3] mg/100g ; Iron = 0.253 [0.154, 0.436] mg/100g ; Protein = 17.2 [15.9, 18.5] % ; Omega3 = 0.363 [0.180, 0.713] g/100g ; Selenium = 18.6 [9.3, 38.9] μg/100g ; VitaminA = 8.22 [2.19, 28.37] μg/100g ; Zinc = 0.463 [0.317, 0.697] mg/100g (wet weight);