Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; brackish; reef-associated; depth range 15 - 60 m (Ref. 74961), usually 20 - ? m (Ref. 9710). Tropical; 40°N - 40°S
Indo-Pacific: Persian Gulf and East Africa to New Guinea, south to Western Australia.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 30573)
Benthic (Ref. 68964). Found on muddy substrates, from well-protected shallow estuaries to quiet, deep offshore reefs (Ref. 9710, 48635). Also found in bays and coastal waters, solitary (Ref 90102).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Eschmeyer, W.N., 1986. Scorpaenidae. p. 463-478. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 4313)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 125652)
Human uses
Fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: public aquariums
More information
Common namesSynonymsMetabolismPredatorsEcotoxicologyReproductionMaturitySpawningSpawning aggregationFecundityEggsEgg development
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingNutrientsMass conversion
Tools
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 24.6 - 29.1, mean 28.1 °C (based on 974 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00851 (0.00431 - 0.01683), b=2.95 (2.78 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for species & Subfamily-BS (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (27 of 100) .
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): (0 of 100) .
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 65.8 [27.8, 155.1] mg/100g ; Iron = 0.729 [0.380, 1.602] mg/100g ; Protein = 17.1 [15.0, 19.1] % ; Omega3 = 0.483 [0.180, 1.423] g/100g ; Selenium = 29.8 [11.3, 82.6] μg/100g ; VitaminA = 385 [95, 1,535] μg/100g ; Zinc = 1.34 [0.79, 2.31] mg/100g (wet weight);